VI. Formulation of plans for a general system of regulation of armaments and submission of such plans to the member states.

VII. Determination of whether the nature and the activities of a regional agency or arrangement for the maintenance of peace and security are consistent with the purposes and principles of the general organization.

APPENDIX 54 December 30, 1944

[Letter, Secretary of State (Stettinius) to Secretary of the Navy (Forrestal)]

MY DEAR MR. SECRETARY: I refer to a letter to me of August 3, 1944 from General Marshall and to my reply of August 5, 1944 on the subject of international trusteeships.68

In deference to the wishes of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, we were glad to eliminate this topic from the Dumbarton Oaks conversations. However, the topic was raised at Dumbarton Oaks on a number of occasions by the other participants. Briefly summarized, those occasions were substantially as follows:

The Soviet delegation asked why the subject was not being discussed, expressed their desire to discuss it, and, when informed that we considered it wiser to leave the subject for future consideration, asked whether it would be discussed at the general conference or made the subject of a prior exchange of views. They expressed a desire for the latter procedure. The British delegation raised the question and were told that we had under consideration the possibility of exchanging papers on the subject. They said that they were prepared to participate in such an exchange. The Chinese delegation also raised the question, and they, too, expressed a desire to exchange papers on the subject. In none of the above instances was any question raised as to the particular territories which might be involved. The emphasis was exclusively upon general principles and particularly upon the kind of machinery which might effectively and appropriately be established in conjunction with the international organization.

The question has also been raised many times in public discussion about the Dumbarton Oaks proposals both here and abroad. There has been a considerable amount of criticism that the subject of international trusteeships was omitted from the proposals.

It is clear, therefore, that we are confronted with the need of re-examining the whole matter from the viewpoint of further procedure. In such consideration as we have so far given it, we have come to the following conclusions:

1. It is inescapable that the question of international trusteeships will have to be discussed at least at the general conference, and that in all likelihood a chapter on general principles and machinery will have to be included in the final charter of the United Nations.

2. It is entirely possible, in dealing with this subject, to separate the formulation of general principles and of provisions for machinery from consideration of specific territories, the latter subject to be left for future determination.

68 Not printed.

We are now working on a draft proposal for incorporation in the final charter of the United Nations which will be drawn up at the general conference to be called for that purpose. This proposal will be limited to expressions of general principles and to provision of appropriate machinery of an international nature. We are giving consideration to the possibility of discussing our proposal with the British, Soviet and Chinese Governments prior to the general conference. We would very much like to have the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War and Navy Departments participate with us in the preparation of this proposal, and we hope that you will designate representatives of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for that purpose. As we are hopeful that the general conference can be held sometime this winter we naturally wish to formulate the proposal as promptly as possible. I am sending a similar letter to Secretary Stimson.

Sincerely yours,

E. R. STETTINIUS, JR.

APPENDIX 55

January 23, 1945 6

Memorandum for the Secretary

SUBJECT: Recommended Action on Points Which Must Be Decided at The Three-Power Meeting

69

1. Text of the voting provisions: Adoption of the President's formula with slight modification as to Chapter VIII, Section C. (Text attached)"

2. International Trusteeships: Decision that provisions for the establishment of trusteeship machinery within the framework of the proposed organization will be included in the Charter and that the sponsoring Governments will consult with each other before the Conference as to detailed proposals on this subject. (Memorandum attached)

3. Position of France: Decision that France should become the fifth sponsoring power.

4. Nations to be Invited: Decision that invitations be issued to the same 44 nations which had been invited to the Hot Springs, Atlantic City and Bretton Woods Conferences. (List attached)"

5. Time and Place of Conference: Decision that the Conference be held in the United States (exact location to be left for future determination). Tentative decision as to time, subject to later consultation with China and France and possibly other countries.

6. Form of Invitation: Decision that invitations be issued by the United States on behalf of the five sponsoring Powers in the form of the attached draft."

7. Consultation with China and France: Authorization for the United States to consult with China and France on behalf of Britain and the Soviet Union to obtain Chinese and French agreement to the above points.

8. Public Announcements: Statement at the meeting along the lines of the attached draft." No further publicity until final decision has been reached on the

* Memorandum transmitted by Mr. Pasvolsky to Secretary Stettinius for use in connection with the Crimea Conference.

10 Not printed. The text of the formula was identical with that quoted below in appendix 57, and the accompanying analysis was identical in substance with that in appendix 53. Not printed.

form of invitation, at which time the texts of the invitation and of the completed proposals would be made public upon their transmission to the governments invited.

[Attachment]

INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP

I

BACKGROUND

1. A chapter on trusteeship should be included in the Charter of the International Organization for the following reasons:

a. The liquidation of the League will require some disposition of the mandated territories which were placed under its supervision as a "sacred trust of civilization".

b. At the end of this war there may possibly be other territories detached from enemy states for which international supervision may be considered desirable.

c. There may also be other territories which it might be advisable to place under trusteeship by mutual agreement.

d. There is a strong feeling in this country that dependent territories should not be the subject of barter but should be the concern of the whole world community.

It was the understanding at Dumbarton Oaks that the question of trusteeship, although not taken up at that time, was a proper subject for discussion among the governments represented there, and that in due course the sponsoring governments would consult with each other and perhaps exchange papers on the subject in order to save time at the Conference itself. Other governments have subsequently suggested the inclusion of arrangements for dependent territories.

2. The view was expressed informally to us by Colonel Stanley that other colonial powers might at this stage be brought into the consultations on international arrangements affecting dependent territories. It is our view, however, that such consultations at this stage should be confined to the states participating in the Dumbarton Oaks Conversations. The British position is clearly designed to win support from other states with colonies in order to offset the support which, they anticipate, the United States will receive from the Soviet Union and China. 3. Our desire that only general principles and procedures relating to international trusteeship be discussed at present is based upon the view that territorial dispositions should be left for consideration until the end of hostilities. We consider it of the utmost importance, nevertheless, to get an agreement on the principle of trusteeship, in order that our basic distinction between trust territories and all other dependencies may be maintained. Colonel Stanley made it clear that the British wish to eliminate this distinction, a procedure which we would regard as retrogressive.

4. We have long felt that, as indispensable parts of an over-all program, a complete system for dependencies would provide for:

a. Creation of a trusteeship mechanism by which the International Organization would assume direct responsibility for the administration of certain dependent territories, in order to promote the social, economic, and political advancement of the peoples of trust territories and to enable these territories to contribute to international peace and security;

b. Establishment of regional advisory commissions for dependent territories generally, on the model of the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission, which would include the states administering dependencies in the particular region and other states having major strategic or economic interests therein; and c. Adoption of a general declaration of principles designed to establish minimum political, economic, and social standards for all non-self-governing territories, whether colonies, protectorates, or trust territories.

5. The British probably will propose regional advisory commissions as the sole device for expressing international responsibility with respect to dependent territories. Regional commissions, in their view, could be employed to discharge, through consultation, a limited international accountability for the administration of dependent territories. In our view, regional commissions are desirable, but only as one part of an over-all international system.

II

RECOMMENDATIONS

We recommend that at the forthcoming talks decisions be reached that: 1. There should be included in the Charter of the General International Organization a chapter on Trusteeship Arrangements;

2. The sponsoring governments consult with each other before the Conference as to the detailed proposals which should be made on this subject, and prepare a draft text.

These proposals should deal only with the principles and the mechanism which should govern these trusteeship arrangements. They should not be concerned at this stage with specific territories to be placed under trusteeship or with the disposition or allocation of particular territories.

A general Declaration of Standards and Regional Advisory Commissions should be regarded as additions to and not substitutions for the Trusteeship Arrangement. These, however, may also need to be discussed at the Conference and decisions taken as to how they might be related to each other, and perhaps to the General Organization.

APPENDIX 56 February 9, 1945

[United States Draft] Declaration on Liberated Europe [as Submitted at Sixth Formal Meeting of the Crimea Conference]

The Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the President of the United States of America have consulted with each other in the common interests of the peoples of their countries and those of liberated Europe. They jointly declare their mutual agreement to concert during the temporary period of instability in liberated Europe the policies of their three governments in assisting the peoples liberated from the domination

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of Nazi Germany and the peoples of the former Axis satellite states of Europe to solve by democratic means their pressing political and economic problems.

The establishment of order in Europe and the rebuilding of national economic life must be achieved by processes which will enable the liberated peoples to destroy the last vestiges of Nazism and Fascism and to create democratic institutions of their own choice. This is a principle of the Atlantic Charter-the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live-the restoration of sovereign rights and self-government to those peoples who have been forcibly deprived of them by the aggressor nations.

To foster the conditions in which the liberated peoples may exercise these rights, the three governments will jointly assist the people in any European liberated state or former Axis satellite state in Europe where in their judgment conditions require, (a) to establish conditions of internal peace; (b) to carry out emergency measures for the relief of distressed peoples; (c) to form interim governmental authorities broadly representative of all democratic elements in the population and pledged to the earliest possible establishment through free elections of governments responsive to the will of the people; and (d) to facilitate where necessary the holding of such elections.

The three governments will consult the other United Nations and provisional authorities or other governments in Europe when matters of direct interest to them are under consideration.

When, in the opinion of the three governments, conditions in any European liberated state or any former Axis satellite state in Europe make such action necessary, they will immediately establish appropriate machinery for the carrying out of the joint responsibilities set forth in this declaration.

By this declaration we reaffirm our faith in the principles of the Atlantic Charter, our pledge in the Declaration by the United Nations, and our determination to build in cooperation with other peace-loving nations a world order under law, dedicated to peace, security, freedom and general well-being of all mankind.

APPENDIX 57 February 6, 1945

[Statement of the American Position on Voting in the Security Council of the United Nations as Read by Secretary of State Stettinius at Third Formal Meeting of the Crimea Conference]

1. Review of Status of this Question.

It was agreed at Dumbarton Oaks that certain matters would remain under consideration for future settlement. Of these, the principal one was that of voting procedure to be followed in the Security Council.

At Dumbarton Oaks, the three Delegations thoroughly explored the whole question. Since that time the matter has received continuing intensive study by each of the three Governments.