ART. 1.-THE CENTENARY OF TENNYSON - The Works of Tennyson, annotated by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Edited by Hallam, Lord Tennyson. (The ART. 2.-EVOLUTION AND THE CHURCH Christentum und Religion. By Dr Otto Pfleiderer. Vol. I, 'Die Entstehung des Christentums'; vol. II, 'Die Entwicklung des Christentums'; vol. III, 'Re- ART. 4.-PRAGMATISM; THE EVOLUTION OF TRUTH The Will to Believe, and other Essays in Popular ART. 6. THE REMAINS OF ANCIENT PAINTING - Denkmäler der Malerei des Altertums. Edited by Paul Herrmann. Munich: Bruckmann. (In progress.) ART. 7.-OVID AND SHAKESPEARE'S SONNETS Shakespeare's Sonnets: being a reproduction in fac- Innocent III-Rome et l'Italie: La Croisade des Albi- geois: La Papauté et l'Empire: La Question d'Orient: Les Royautés vassales du Saint-Siège: Le Concile de Latran et la Réforme de l'Eglise. Par Achille The Government of England. By A. Lawrence Lowell, Professor of the Science of Government in Harvard ART. 14. THE MEMOIRS OF MADAME DE BOIGNE Récits d'une Tante. Mémoires de la Comtesse de Boigne, née d'Osmond, publiés d'après le manuscrit original. ART. 15. THE NEAR-EASTERN QUESTION - L'Europe et la Question d'Autriche. By André Chéra- THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. No. 418.-JANUARY, 1909. Art. 1.-THE VALUE OF THE TERRITORIAL FORCE. 1. The Territorial Force. By Harold Baker. With preface by the Rt Hon. R. B. Haldane. London: Murray, 1908. 2. The Foundations of Reform. By the Military Correspondent of the 'Times.' London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1908. 3. The Book of War. Translated from the Chinese by Capt. E. F. Calthrop, R.F.A. London: Murray, 1908. 4. A Territorial Army in Being. By Lt.-Col. C. DelméRadcliffe, and J. W. Lewis, late 19th Hussars. With preface by Lord Roberts. London: Murray, 1908. TWENTY-FOUR centuries ago the Chinese General Sun wrote thus: 'To all nations war is a great matter. Upon the army life and death depend; it is the means of the existence or destruction of the State. Therefore it must be diligently studied.' A certain proportion of our fellow-countrymen seems, at this present juncture, to be coming round to General Sun's way of thinking, and to be making an effort to study diligently the principles of warfare and the problems of national defence. The stimulus to which this unwonted interest in military affairs is due is probably to be found in Mr Haldane's recommendation of 'clear thinking' as an essential preliminary to the preparation of schemes of army reform. Those who followed this good advice, however, have discovered that diligent study is an essential preliminary to clear thinking; and, in response to the demand for instruction, teachers have arisen whose doctrines are based on wide knowledge as well as on skilful reasoning. So extremely clear is the thinking of some of these instructors, and so Vol. 210.-No. 418. B lucid the arguments on which their conclusions are based, that the original exponent of the doctrine probably finds himself in a dilemma, for it is not an easy task to reconcile logical conclusions and political exigencies. Foremost among the teachers is the military correspondent of the Times'; and in the series of articles which he has now reprinted the student will find guidance of the right kind. Untrammelled by any restriction of party politics, the author is swayed neither by prejudice nor by opportunism; his ideals are national, his knowledge is international. It is therefore encouraging to note his opinion of Mr Haldane's work. "The nation must be a nation in arms, or it must perish when first it encounters the formidable shock of a people conscious of its duties. It is this leading idea which Mr Haldane has seized upon; and, no matter what opinions we may hold of his chances of success, we must all allow that it represents an immense advance in breadth of general conception. He is going as far and as fast as he can, in view of the murky political atmosphere and the financial shackles which encompass him. He is in no way prejudicing our ultimate advance to the highest ideal, but rather reconnoitring in the right direction in a very difficult country and under a severe cross-fire.' These words were written while the Territorial scheme was still in embyro. With regard to the utility of the scheme as launched in completed form, this expert makes important reservations on the questions of numerical strength, cost, and legal powers; but he bears ungrudging testimony to the improvement which has been effected. 'The new military reforms as a whole, and subject to the reservations made in this chapter, will tend, if they are conscientiously carried out, to improve our military position in a marked degree. They give us the best we can hope from voluntary service and estimates of the present figure. . . . By placing a term upon the segregation of our forces in second line; by extending their use to the whole of the United Kingdom; by organising them in larger military units ready to take and keep the field; and by creating this army from the best elements of the people, Mr Haldane endeavours, with what success the future alone can show, to lay the enduring bases of the national army of the future, and to place this army, through the Associations, in close and constant touch with the people from whom it must draw its life. The details of the administration of the Territorial force, and of the laws by which it is governed, may be found in the clear and complete treatise called 'The Territorial Force.' This may be called a translation of official documents and regulations; it forms an administrative handbook for the force. In this respect the book is valuable; but it is to be regretted that Mr Baker has from time to time been unable to restrain his enthusiasm, and has inserted some comments of his own which betray a very restricted outlook on military problems. Nevertheless the work must be counted as an aid to the diligent study recommended by General Sun; and, if the revelations therein contained, of the complicated machinery and financial compromises rendered necessary by the voluntary system, should prove discouraging, a suitable corrective may be found in the lucid and exhaustive descriptions of two compulsory Territorial armies-those of Switzerland and Norwayprepared by Colonel Delmé-Radcliffe and Mr Lewis. The Territorial force has been in existence for some nine months; its organisation is, on paper, complete; its County Associations have gained some experience; and there is now some possibility of considering, with a solid basis for calculation, the effect of this latest alteration in our military system, and the amount of gain or loss which we have incurred through it. In such an investigation, however, it is necessary to tread warily, for on one side of the explorer's path is the pitfall of official optimism and on the other the quagmire of old-fashioned prejudice; and many who started on the middle course with upright gait are now floundering on one side or the other. Fortunately for the country, the controversy regarding the scheme has not, to any serious extent, followed the lines of party politics; on the contrary, we have witnessed the refreshing spectacle of a host of Conservative Lords-Lieutenant and county magnates working with single-minded earnestness to further the success of a Liberal Minister's scheme. The opposing forces are rather to be defined as the enthusiasts, |