WIRTEMBERG. 86. This is another of Napoleon's kingdoms, and the smallest in Germany, containing not more than a million and a half of people. Its capital is Stutgard, and it contains also the strong and ancient city of Ulm. It enjoys a representative constitution. HANOVER. 87. This electorate has also been changed into a kingdom, after the example of the preceding. It suffered in the last war, but is now reviving under the government of his majesty the king of Great Britain. With its dependencies it contains about three millions of inhabitants, who are governed by a viceroy. Hanover is the capital, and Emden and Bremerlehe are the chief ports. It contains also the flourishing university of Göttingen. SMALLER PRINCIPALITIES AND STATES. 88. Germany contains many minor states of some importance. Among these the chief are, Baden, on the borders of Switzerland, comprising the mountainous territory called the Black Forest, and including, besides Carlsruhe the capital, the beautiful city of Mannheim. It is governed by a Grand Duke, and has a representative constitution. Population, 1,100,000.- Hesse-Cassel, a flourishing territory in the north, governed by an Elector, with a population of 700,000, and having Cassel for its capital.-Darmstadt, a territory on the Rhine, governed by a Grand Duke, and including the fine ancient city of Mentz, or Mayence.. Brunswick, famous for the bravery of its dukes, from whose house the British royal family is descended.-Weimar, noted for the patronage of men of genius, and considered the literary capital of Ger many.-Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and MecklenburgStrelitz; the last of which, though small, has given two queens to England. Oldenburg also deserves notice. There are a great number of very small principalities, which will be found enumerated in the list of the German Confederation. 89. The free cities of Germany, formerly very numerous and flourishing, are now reduced to four: Hamburgh, at the mouth of the Elbe, the greatest commercial city of Germany; Frankfort on the Mayn, a great seat of inland trade, and the place where the Diet assembles; Lubeck, once the head of a great maritime confederacy, called the Hanse Towns, but now decayed; Bremen, a flourishing seaport at the mouth of the Weser. AUSTRIA. 90. Austria is an extensive empire, having its original seat in Germany; but its largest territories are now beyond the limits of that country. Its sovereign was formerly emperor of Germany, and claimed a certain jurisdiction over the Germanic body; but Napoleon compelled him to renounce this, and to content himself with the title of Emperor of Austria. On the overthrow of Napoleon, however, he became president of the Diet. Belgium, which had long appertained to Austria, was lost during the war; but she received, in compensation, the territory of Venice. 91. Austria consists now, within Germany, of the Archduchy of Austria, Bohemia, and Moravia, without it, of Hungary with its appendages, of Gallicia, and the Italian provinces of Venice and Lombardy. The population is about thirty-two millions. The Catholic religion prevails, but there are a few Protestants in Bohemia and Hungary. 92. The Archduchy of Austria lies in the south east of Germany, and consists of a fine plain, watered by the Danube, and of the mountainous countries of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Istria, and the Tyrol. These abound in minerals, particularly mercury. The chief cities are Vienna, the capital of the empire; Lintz; Gratz, the capital of Styria; and Trieste, the only sea-port on the Adriatic. The peasantry of the Tyrol are distinguished for bravery and loyalty. Obs. Vienna lies on the S. W. side of the Danube, in a fertile plain. The manufactures are little remarkable, though some inland commerce is transacted on the noble stream of the Danube. The number of inhabitants exceeds 300,000. The suburbs are far more extensive than the city, standing at a considerable distance from the walls. The houses are gene rally of brick, covered with stucco. The chief edifices are, the metropolitan church of St. Stephen, the imperial palace, library, and arsenal, the house of assembly for the states of Lower Austria, the council-house, the university, and some monasteries. The Prater, or imperial park, is the principal promenade and place of recreation. 93. Bohemia and Moravia are fertile and highly cultivated countries, in the heart of Germany; and Bohemia has extensive manufactures of linen and glass. It is surrounded by a circuit of mountains, which are rich in minerals. Prague, the capital, is a handsome old city. 94. Hungary, to the east of Austria, is a large kingdom, containing about ten millions of inhabitants. It consists of a fruitful plain, watered by the Danube and many of its tributaries, and bounded on the north by the Carpathians. Its wines, especially Tokay, enjoy the highest reputation; and the mines of Schemnitz and Cremnitz are among the richest in Europe. The nobility enjoy great privileges, and are a brave and honourable class of men; but the peasantry are poor, and held in great subjection. Buda and Pesth, on opposite sides of the Danube, urm the conjoint capital though the states have often met at Presburg. Transylvania, on the east of Hungary; Croatia, Sclavonia, and Dalmatia, on the south, are smaller countries, also subject to Austria. 95. Gallicia forms an extensive plain on the south of Poland, which Austria has wrested from that country by successive partitions. It is generally fruitful in grain, but rudely cultivated; and all the branches of industry are in a depressed state. The salt mines of Wieliczca, however, are the largest in the world, containing long ranges of apartments, and forming a sort of subterranean city. 96. Lombardy and Venice compose a territory of great extent and value, which forms part of Italy, and will be described along with that country. Extent, 300,000 square miles. Population, 31,600,000 souls. TURKEY IN EUROPE. 97. Turkey in Europe is a very fine and fertile region, anciently very flourishing; but, owing to the Mahometan religion, to the despotism of the government, and to the ignorant policy of the Turks, now declining and miserable. Obs. The government is despotic under the Grand Signior, who is master of the lives and property of his subjects. The provinces are governed by pachas, many of whom are nearly independent of their imperial master. 98. The principal provinces are, Bulgaria, Rumelia, which includes the ancient Macedonia and Thessaly, and the extensive territories which constitute Albania. The principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia, Bosnia, and Servia, along the Danube, are governed by princes appointed by the Porte, to whom they pay tribute. 99. The metropolis of Turkey is Constantinople, finely situated in 41° north latitude, between the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea, and one of the most considerable cities in the world. Obs. The beauty of the situation of Constantinople can hardly be exceeded, the aspect from the sea being peculiariy grand; but, on a nearer approach, the wooden hovels and narrow streets disappoint the splendid expectations of the stranger. It forms an unequal triangle, resembling a harp, being about twelve or fourteen English miles in circumference, enclosed by walls, and on two sides by the sea and the harbour called the Golden Horn. The inhabitants are computed at 400,000, including the four suburbs. Of these 200,000 are Turks, 100,000 Greeks, and the remainder Jews, Armenians, and Franks. The most celebrated edifices are the Seraglio, and the mosque of St. Sophia. The principal entran |