or locative case. 6. a compound formed by the aorist part. of undadamu and the plu. pro. válu he- that man. 5 a conjunction; it is inseparably attached to the word it conjoins. 4 an adverb qualifying the following verb, 4 the same as 2 from the Telugu verb aravadamu to roar. 9 the same as 1. 7 an adverb. 7 the same as 2 from the Telugu verb pádadamu to sing. 11 Sans, a noun in the 3d, or instrumentive case. 11 a Telugu compound from cot'ta the inf. of cottadamu to beat, badda, by sandhi for padda, the past part, of padadamu to suffer, used to form the passive voice, and the plu. of vádu, 8 the same as 5. 10 Sans, am adverb. 10 the same as 2 from the Tel. verb isávadamu to die. The construction of the Cannadi is exactly the same as the Telugu, one or two of the compounds only differing. 3 is composed of the Sans, adverb yatha as and ich ha. The verbs marked 2,4,7 and 10 are not compounds. 6 the 7th case is formed by the adjunct alli place, united to naracada the genitive form of naracam. 7 is a compound used adverbially from adhica excessive, a Sans, crude noun, and ági the gerund of the past tense ágavadu to become. The compound marked 11 is from the verbal noun hodeyel the beating, instead of the inf, as in Tel, The construction of the Tamil is 1 as in Tel. 3. the gen, plu, of the pronoun tàn himself. 3 the gen, of manadu, from the Sans. mannas mind, will. 3. the dat. of padi a measure, used as a preposition and signifying according to. 2 a hybrid compound formed from nitterei, the same as nidrà Sans, and pannudel to do - make, the Tamil seldom allowing a simple verb to be formed from a Sanscrit word with a long final vowel, 6 as in Tel. 6 a compound formed by ulla, indefinite part, of the defective verb ul′ to be - have, and avergal, the plu, of the pro, aven he - that man. 5 as in Tel. 4 the neg. part. of nilludel to stand-stay. 4 this with 7 and 10 are simple verbs, as in Cannadi, not compounds, as in Tel. 9 an attributive noun from pádudel to sing. 7 the inf. of migudel to increase, with the conjunction um used adverbially. 7 as in Cannadi, 11 as in Telugu. Il a compound from oducca the iaf. of oάuccudel to oppress and pat'ta the same as in Tel. and Can. 8 as in Tel. 10 the neg. part. of cureidel to lessen. 10 as in Can. In the preceding sentence the Sanscrit differs in every point from the southern dialects; in the following, the variation, except in the formation of cases, is not so great. 1 SANSCRIT. 5 10 12 Samyamaya s'rutam dhattè narò dhermáya samyamam, 8 9 10 11 12 5 A wise man keepeth the divine law for constraint, constraint for religion (and) religion for salvation; wealth for donation (and) for enjoyment. 4 8 TELUGU. Médhaviyaina narudu s'amyamamncoracu srutamunu dhermambucora cu samyamamunu mócshambucoracu dherrmamunu dánamucoracunu bhucticoracunu dhanamunun dharintsutsunnádu. Méd ̧háviyáda manushyenu s'amyamaccóscara srutavannu dhermaccóscara samyamavannu mócshaccóscara dhermavannu dánaccóscaravágiyu bhuctigóscaravágiyu dhanavannu d ̧harisuttánè. 4 10 Arivulla manaden adaccattuccága védatteiyun derumattuccága adacatteiyum 7 5 mutiiccága derumalteiyum dánattuccágavum bógattaccágavum danatteiyung cách ràn. 3 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SANSCRIT. I a noun sub. neu. in the 4th or dative case. 2 the same in the 2d, or ac. governed by the following verb. 3 the third person sing. pres. medial voice, governing the several accusatives in the sentence. 4 noun sub. masc. in the 1st or gom. 5, 6, 7 and 8 the same as 1 and 2 respectively. 9 a noun of quality agreeing with narah; this word médhávì, has the force of an adjective, though it is actually a substantive. 10 the same as 2. 11 and 12 the same as 1 &c. CONSTRUCTION OF THE TELUGU. 9 a compound having the force of an adjective, formed by affixing, to the Sanscrit word, aina the past part, of cávadamu to become. 4 as in the Sans. formed by affixing the Tel. termination udu. I as in Sans. except that, in place of being declined, the case is formed from the sixth in cu by the adjunct orucu for the sake of; when orucu or ósaram, which has the same meaning, are added to this case the drüttam or nunnation, if interposed between the theme and affix is dropped; thus these compounds, though derived from danamunucu, become danamuc' orucu and dánamuc' ósaram. 2 as in the Sans. 5,6,8,7, 11 and 12, as in the Sanscrit, with the Tel. terminations and affixes; the two last are connected by the conjunction nu and, repeated after each. 10 as in the Sans. it takes the drüttam before the following dha. 3 the third person sing. pres. of dharintsadamu to dress - assume, from the Sanscrit. NOTE. The compound dative, answering to the Tádarthya chaturthi of the Sanscrit and to the noun governed by the proposition for in English, is formed in the three dialects from the fourth case in cu by the addition of the same or similar adjuncts; in Tel. by ai, orucu and ósaram; in Can. by ági and óscaram, and in Tamil by ága and ésaram ai and ági, are the gerunds and ága is the inf. derived from the root á bebecome; ósaram in Tel. signifies a side,inclination, bias, but this and orucu, from oray to join obtain, intimately correspond with the English term sake, as, like the latter, they are used only in the formation of this dative, the meaning of which may always be appropriately expressed by the phrase for the sake of. : The Cannadi construction is exactly the same as the Tel. the datives are formed by adding óscara for the sake of to the fourth case in cu. 11 and 12 ági, the gerund of the past tense of ágavadu to become, is added to these datives, and the conjunction copulative nu is changed to y, to mark their special connection with the following word. CONSTRUCTION OF THE TAMIL. 9 a compound having the form of an adjective from arivu knowledge and ul'lu the part of the defective ul to have. 4 as in Sans. 1 the dative case formed by adding aga, the inf. of ddel to become, to the dative of declension in cu. The sentence does not differ, otherwise than as here noticed, from the Telugu. In the following short sentence and all similar constructions the Sanscrit agrees exactly with the southern dialects. "He possesses, or hath much wealth:" or, nearer in Latin, Illi multa res est. Again, in constructions like the following, when the sati saptami, or ablative case absolute, is used, as in Latin, or when the relative pronoun occurs, the Sanscrit idiom is totally different from that of the southern dialects; in these there is no relative pronoun, but the interrogative may, as these examples will shew, be used for it. "He who upon all things perishing does not perish:" or in Latin Ille qui, omnibus entibus periuntibus, non perit. 3 4 5 5 Samasta bhutangal' unasisuttirel ági yávenu nasisenò? avenu. I 3 5 5 TAMIL. Bútangal' ellámum násam adeiyum pozhudil násamadeiyàn eveno ? "avenè. In the Sanscrit sentence 3-4 and 5 have the form of the 7th or locative case and are in the grammatical connection denominated the ablative case absolute; in Tel. this meaning is expressed by the gerund of the present tense of the verb nasintsadamu, united with the inf. of undadamu to be, and followed by the inseparable gerund of Cávadamu to become; literally the destroying becoming to be. The Can, is the same except that instead of the inf, the verbal noun the being, is used. The Tamil differs; in this the future part. of the verb compounded of násam Saus, destruction and adeidel to oblain-arrive is followed by the 7th case of poz,hadu time, and the literal meaning, therefore, is in the time in which (when) destruction shall have reached. Again 1 and 2, the relative and it's antecedent, is in each of the southern dialects expressed by the interrogative. pronoun yevadu with ò, the sign of dubitative interrogation, added, either to it, or to the verb it governs, followed by the words respecting which the doubt is expressed, or the question asked, so that the sense is who may it be that is not destroyed? he. The relative, however, may be as well, if not better, expressed, by any of the participles followed by the word which in the Sanscrit connection, would be the antecedent; thus this example is properly in Telugu translated by samastamaina bhutamulu nasintsutsundagà nasintsanivándu the last term being composed of nasinisani the negative of nasintsadama united with the indicative pronoun rándu. 3 4 5. 1-2-6 The preceding translations have been made into what may, not inappropriately, be called the Sanscrit dialect of the southern tongues; the terms employed being chiefly from that language, and, when they could be used without affectation, the same as in the original passages: in the translations of the following sentence, the pure native terms of the three dialects only are used. } 5 2 9 11. 7. "Let Hari grant happiness to the just, for whom the females of the cowherds |