..RELATIVE PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT.

common.

కొట్టించుచున్న.....కొట్టింపుచున్న కొట్టించుతున్న.....hat causes to beat.

కొట్టించిన.....

PAST.

INDEFINITE.

common.

common.

......that caused to beat s

కొట్టించు....కొట్టించెడు.... కొట్టించెది....కొట్టించే.... కొట్టించేటిthat causes, caused, or

common.

“VERBAL NOUN.

common.

[will cause to beat.

కొట్టించుట...కొట్టించడము కొట్టితి పడము .the causing to beat.

NEGATIVE VERB.

· INDICATIVE MOOD.

AORIST.

[beat.

[to beat.

కొట్టించను..కొట్టింపను.. I do not, did not, or shall not cause to beat. కొట్టించవు ..కొట్టింపవు .. Thou dost nol, didst not, or will not cause to కొట్టించఁడు కొట్టింపఁడు He does not, did not, or will not, cause to beat, ట్టించదు. కొట్టింపదు She, or it does not, did not, or will not cause కొట్టించము.కొట్టింపము We do not, did not, or shall not cause to beat. కొట్టించరు..కొట్టిఁపరు .. You do not, did not, or will not cause to beat, ట్టించరు. కొట్టింపరు} They do not did vot, or wil not cause to beat, కొట్టించవు. కొట్టింపవు

VERBAL PARTICIPLE.

కొట్టించు......కొట్టింపక.......ithout causing to beat.

RELATIVE PARTICIPLR.

FLOW......FCOLD........that does not, did not, or will not cause to beat.

CHAPTER SIXTH.

SYNTAX.

An extensive command of words, a knowledge of their various inflexions, and the choice of such as are most fit to convey our ideas, are necessary to the correct use of every language. But these alone are not sufficient: the force, the elegance, and even the meaning of our expressions, must still depend, in a great degree, on an idiomatical arrangement of the terms which we employ. To illustrate the particular disposition of words which is most consonant to the genius of the Teloogoo language, is the object of the present chapter, and as immediately connected with this subject, I shall here take occasion to treat of the adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, and other indeclinable words, unnoticed in the preceding part of this work.

A strict adherence to the rules which have been laid down regarding the permutation and elision of letters, might possibly distract the reader's attention from the main subject of the present chapter. I shall therefore purposely neglect them, in the examples adduced in support of the following remarks, except where the observance of them may be necessary for the elucidation of any particular part of the syntax; and in order to render the study of the Teloogoo more easy to those who have acquired a knowledge of the Tamil tongue, and to shew in what respects the two sister languages coincide, I shall endeavour as much as possible, in this part of my work, to follow the Jesuit Beschi, an author of established authority in the Tamil language.

380

381

382

383

384

OF THE CASES OF SUBSTANTIVES, AND THE USE OF THE POSTPOSITIONS.

The reader has been already informed, that in nouns denoting inanimate things, the nominative is constantly used for the accusative. This will be explained more fully when we treat of the government of nouns by verbs. The genitive, possessive, or inflected case, seldom affixes the postposition యొక్క. We constantly find రామునియిల్లు, used for రాముని యొక్క యి ల్లు Rama's house ; ఇంద్రుని సభ for ఇంద్రుని యొక్క సభ, the court of Indra; మన్మథునిబాణము for వ న్మథుని యొక్క బాణము the arrow of Cupid; and కు చేకునిధన ము for కు బేరుని యొక్క ధనము, the wealth of Kaobera (tlie God of riches) &c. Deprived of this affix, the genitive in Teloogoo has frequently, as in English, the power of an adjective, means a beast of the forest that is, a wild beast, FL the season of sun shine, or thie sultry season; the sand of the river, or river sand; the water of the lake, or lake water.

Two or more substantives relating to the same object agree in case; but if they refer to different objects, the one governs the other in the genitive; thus,

దేవుని or దేవుని యొక్క దయ The favour of the deity, మనుష్యుల or మనుష్యు ల యొక్క పాపములు the sins of men &c.

The inflected or genitive cases of substantive nouns or pronouns, with the terminations of the neuter demonstrative pronouns affixed to them, viz. & in the singular, and in the plural number, are constantly used, without any verb, to denote the affirmation of possession; as E that property is mine, యీశులుములు వారివి these hurses are theirs, అది రామునిది that is Ruma's, యిది బ్రాహ్మణునిది this belongs to the Bramin, యీ తోట రాజుది this garden

is the King's, ఆపుస్తకముమాతం డ్రి ది that book belongs to my father, యీ యిల్లువఖకోమిటివానిది this house belongs to a Bramin.

The dative case has generally the same force as the prepositions to, for in English; thus modesty is essential to women, ɔX

వాండ్లకు ధైర్యమగత్యము courage is requisite for men. It sometimes represents the English genitive; as, మాటకు ప్రాణము సత్యము the soul of a promise

is truth, బోటికి ప్రాణముమానము the soul of a woman is her honor. Soomutee Shutukum, literally, truth is life to a promise, honor is life to a woman. The dative is also often used, without a verb, to denote actual possession, as expressed by our verb to have; HISI。šw he has much moncy; literally, to him, much money Peaks the King has ten sons, literally, to the King, ten sons. This coincides with the latin rule" Est pro habeo regit dativum," only that in Teloogoo the est is not expressed but understood.

385

The dative case, used with the positive degree of an adjective, gives the 386 adjective the force of the comparative degree; and the sign of the dative case serves to represent the English than; thus,

this man is

more clever than that person, literally to that person, this man is ciever. In stating the distance of two places from each other, either one or both of 387 the names of these places may be in the dative case; thus, FODED L 300 న్నూ రామడదూరము or కాశికికం చిమున్నూ రామడదూరము Bemaresand Conjeveram are 300 amadas distant; or Conjeceram is 300 amadas from

Benares.

అవతల beyond, యివతల on this side, పైన above, కింద below, ముందర before, 38 behind, and other words denoting relation of place, govern the preceding noun in the dative case; as above this, Iŝŝo below that,

దీనికేముందర before this, దానికి వెనక beyond that &c.

L

388

When we speak of motion towards any place, the name of the place must be 389 in the dative; as, he, she, or it went to the garden, DŝLTD he, she, or it went to the village. It is to be observed however, that if the object towards which motion is directed be of such a nature as not to admit of entrance, the postposition 8 or 878 (near) must be inserted between the noun and the sign of the dative; as, LED he, she, or చెటువడి it went to the tree, Twi̟əs he, she, or it came to the King,

Nouns of time are generally placed in the dative; thus,

we saw 390