138 139 140 141 142 143 144 2d. OF THE ARTICLE. The articles a and the may be considered as inherent in the noun; according to the context, may mean either a or the person. The indefinite article a is sometimes expressed by the numeral 2%, vulgarly written, meaning one; as, PD one or a person. There is not any separate word to represent the definite article the. In the concise and nervous idiom which characterizes the Teloogoo, this article, together with the relative pronoun who, which, that, is incorporated with the verb, in that curious part of it termed the relative participles, which possess the combined force of the definite article, the relative pronoun, and the verb; thus, in the sentence can the person who saw me; five English words are expressed by three Teloogoo terms, signifies me, 3d. OF THE DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVE NOUNS. The substantive nouns have two numbers; the singular 18353, and the plural బహువచనము; and three genders, the masculine పుల్లింగము, including the gods and men only; the feminine ox, comprizing the goddesses and women; and the neuter Jošo, including inanimate things, and all animals, except the human species. The cases are properly three only; the nominative, the inflexion, and the accusative; but, in the following general remarks applicable to all nouns, the usual arrangement of six cases is observed. SINGULA B. It has already been mentioned that there are few words in the Teloogoo language which terminate in a consonant, among the nouns there is not one. In the nominative case singular, they all terminate in some of the following vowels కర్మచేశాం లో or నా; thus, దొర a ruler, నవలా a woman, కల్లరి ၄င် a robber, Co&L∞ beauty, a shawl, a stick, the hand &c. Ter & The Inflexion singular varies with the declension, as explained hereafter. The Genitive singular of all nouns is the same as the inflexion singular; but, 145 in books, and in conversation with Bramins, we occasionally find the postposition యొక్క or 3 of, added to the inflexion, to form the genitive. The Dative singular is formed by adding & to inflexions in 9 or 2-5 146 to inflexions in vor, and to inflexions in all other terminations. All nouns in the Accusative singular are the same as in the singular inflexion; 147 except that the inflexion is of the class termed kululoo, and the accusative are universal in the ways bear in mind this distinction, the inflexion will hereafter be written in it's The Ablative singular is formed by adding to the singular inflexion the 149 postpositions - 5. &c. or to the inflexion of nouns denoting inanimate things ending in v. PLURAL. The Nominative plural is formed, in various modes, from the nominative 150 singular, according to the declension to which the substantive belongs. It always ends in ev. The Inflexion plural is formed by changing es of the nominative plural into . 151 The Genittve plural of all nouns is the same as the inflexion plural; but in 152 books and in conversation with Bramins, we occasionally find the postpositions Bus2- or Bus of, added to the inflexion to form, the genitive. 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 The Dative plural is formed by adding to the inflexion plural in e. The Accusative plural is the same as the inflexion plural, both ending in e; but the inflexion is included in the kululoo, and the accusative in the a sjever drootuprukrootooloo. To remind the reader of this material distinction, the inflexion will hereafter be written in it's simple state, without any of the additions peculiar to the kululoo; but , with an &c. will be added to all plural accusatives, for the reasons mentioned in treating of the accusative singular: is never affixed to plural accusatives, because they always end in , never in or Z. The Vocative plural is formed by changing the final of the nominative plural into — ర or రా. The Ablative plural is formed by adding to the plural inflexion the postposition. లో... చేతంతో &c. The Vocative particles, 28-2-2a and 2, are often prefixed to the vocative case: the first is used in calling men of inferior rank only; the second in calling females inferior to oneself, among whom a wife is always included: by the natives; and the third in calling men of equal rank with oneself; these three are prefixed to the vocative singular only: the last is prefixed to the vocative both in the singular and the plural number, and is used indifferently in calling superiors, inferiors, or equals. It is of great importance that the reader should constantly bear in mind that, in nouns denoting inanimate things, the nominative is generally used for the accusative, and the accusative for the ablative, but that this is not the case with nouns denoting animate objects. By the addition of the various postpositions to the different cases which they govern, the reader may form any number of other cases at pleasure. The nouns to The nouns belonging to the, or language of the land, are more numerous than those of any other class; and, as the rules which regulate their declension extend also to nouns of the three other denominations, it seems proper to treat of them first. The regular nouns of this class are divided into three declensions. The first 161 includes all masculine nouns, the nominative singular of which terminates in c; the second, all feminines or neuters of more than two syllables, having the nominative singular in-3-or; the third, nouns of all genders not included in either of the two foregoing declensions. The general rules, already given, explain the mode in which the different cases are formed from the nominative singular, the inflexion singular, or the nominative plural. It will be sufficient, therefore, to show how these three cases are formed in each declension. FIRST DECLENSION IN C. Many nouns denoting masculine agents have the nominative singular in c; 162 but, as the letter e is unknown to any, except the learned, the c preceding is usually omitted in writing, and the nominative of this declension is consequently made to terminate simply in. The obscure nasal sound of c before will notwithstanding be found in the pronunciation of even the most illiterate persons. The singular inflexion of nouns belonging to this declension is formed by 163 changing the final of the nominative into ; thus, nom, Xc a hus, మగఁడు band, infexion XD, nom, Syco a younger brother, inflex. . But, with the exception of a younger brother, and a son in Zaw, all nouns of this declension, which have the vowel v preceding € ɔ of the pominative singular, may also form the singular inflexion by merely dropping the termination ; the inflexion of X¢& a husband, is XI only, never X; because v does not precede the of the nominative case; but, with the before cof the no two exceptions abovementioned, all words which have minative have two forms in the inflexion; thus, nom, inflex. బల్లి దుని or బ ల్లేదు, co a strong man, The nominative plural is formed by changing c of the nominative singular 184 into e; thus, nom, sing, Xcɔ a husband, nom, plu. Xe husbands, nom, sing, cɔ a younger brother, nom. plu, & younger brothers. The other cases of this declension are formed according to the general rules given above; and, for the sake of illustration, a word of this declension is subjoined, declined according to the usual arrangement of six cases. SINGULAR. ............ a younger brother. తమ్ముని or తమ్ముని యొక్క ....of a younger brother. N. తమ్ముఁడు G. D. తమ్మునికి.... ...to a younger brother. ••••••a younger brother. 0 younger brother Ab. 3×29-5-33-5°..........in, by or with a younger brother. తమ్ముని... N. తమ్ములు PLURAL. younger brothers. 165 G. తమ్ముల or తమ్ముల యొక్క . of younger brothers. Acc. &c. ..... V. తమ్ములారా... ...to younger brothers. younger brothers. "O younger brothers. Ab. 5×10-5-35 - §°...........in, by, or with younger brothers. By rule 163, all words, except and eyes, which, in the nominative singular, have the vowel v preceding the final termination c, may in the inflexion singular have two forms: such words, therefore, have likewise two forms in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular, which are formed from the inflexion; thus, nom. sing. ac a strong man, inflex. sing. బలిముని or బ లిడు. gen. sing. బల్లిడుని యొక్క or బల్లిదు యొక్క dat. sing. బల్లిడునికి or బదునకు, by the addition of s to బ ల్లిదుని, or నకు 10 బల్లిదు, เทว 3 see rules 132 & 146. acc. sing. D &c. or a &c. see rule 117. abl, sing. బల్లిడుని – లో - చేతతో or బల్లెడు - లో- చేత- తో; and even తమ్ముఁడు and c, which, in the other cases, are exceptions to this rule, in the dative |