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the captain went ashore. He had to choose his boat's crew from the best men in the ship, and to see that they wore a gay livery or uniform. He, too, wore a whistle "to chear up and direct his Gang of Rowers." The hold was stowed and kept clean by quartermasters. The ship's accounts were kept, and the ship's provisions issued, by a purser who had to be "an able Clerk." The steward was the purser's assistant, with direct authority over the ship's candles and the bread-room. A cook ruled in the galley, to dress the provisions. A carpenter kept the ship in repair. A cooper looked after the casks (especially the beer and water casks). A trumpeter blew a trumpet on the poop when the ship went into action; and also at the changing of watches, and when welcoming or losing a distinguished guest. A chaplain read prayers two or three times a day, preached, and celebrated the Holy Communion on Sundays, and visited the sick and wounded at odd times. A chirurgeon prepared and administered medicines, searched and dressed the wounded, and lived below the gun-deck, in a cabin of his own, attended by a boy, who mixed his medicines.

These officers were paid1 (after 1582, when an old irregular system of deadshares and rewards was abolished) according to the size of the ships in which they served, or according to the urgency of the work in hand. The scale of wages allotted to a master from two guineas to a pound a month, to a gunner ten shillings a month (besides perquisites), to a purser and chier carpenter from 16s. 8d. to 11s. a month, and to a trumpeter, 15s. A captain drew from half-a-crown to 6s. 8d. daily, in addition to perquisites of considerable value.

Before going into action, the crew made certain preparations. A heavy canvas cloth was rigged along the ship's side, above the gun tiers, partly to hinder boarders, and partly to hide the sail trimmers working on the decks and in the open waist. This cloth was called a pavesse, or war-girdle, or close fight. It was usually painted with coats of arms in gay colours. The tops were rigged with similar cloths. Under the masts, nettings were spread, to catch wreck falling from aloft. Buckets of salt and fresh water were placed beside each gun. Powder was handed up in latten tubs from the magazine. The men were stationed at their guns

1 Mr. Oppenheim, in his Administration of the Royal Navy, 1509-1660, a work of great research, gives particular details of this, and of nearly every other subject connected with Elizabethan ships.

and other quarters; a gun's crew varying from ten to two men, according to the size of the piece. Matches were lighted, and left to smoulder over tubs of water. The ports were opened, and the guns loaded and run out. The flag (St. George's cross, red upon a ground of white) was hoisted; and the trumpeter, dressed in his tabard, with his trumpet hung with a cloth of the same colour, took his station on the poop, ready to sound a point before the enemy was hailed.

Other curious details of sea-customs, and of the ordering of ships at sea, may be read in Hakluyt's book, especially in lists. of ordinances and instructions, such as those issued by Sebastian - Cabot, in his Cathay voyage of 1553, to the ships in his squadron ; and those given by the Russia merchants to the pursers in their employ.

The present volumes of Hakluyt's Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation contain his "Epistles Dedicatorie" to Sir Francis Walsingham (1589), to Lord Charles Howard (1598), and to Sir Robert Cecil (1599 and 1600); his address to the Favourable Reader (1598); his Preface to the Reader (1598); and the "Voyages to the North and North East quarters, with the Ambassages, Treatises, Privileges, Letters and other observations, depending upon these voyages:" For various reasons it has been found necessary to exclude the Latin versions of the Letters and Treatises; and all those voyages and Treatises which are not English. Through the kindness of Messrs. MacLehose & Sons, the text used is that of their beautiful complete reprint, in twelve volumes, which was edited by Mr. S. Douglas Jackson.

1907.

JOHN MASEFIield.

RICHARD HAKLUYT 1552 (?)—1616.

"DIVERS Voyages touching the Discovery of America," 1582; published by the Hakluyt Society, 1850; "A particular discourse concerning Western Discoveries," written in 1584, published (Maine Historical Society), 1877; "De Orbe Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii, Decades Octo, illustratae labore et industriâ Ricardi Hakluyti," 1587, translation by Michael Lok, 1612; The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation made by Sea or over Land to the most remote and farthest

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distant quarters of the earth, at any time within the compass of these 1500 years," 1589. The publication which came out 1598-1600 was a larger edition of the above work. The title page of the first volume of this edition was altered in later copies, as the account given in it of the expedition to Cadiz was suppressed. Hakluyt also completed two translations: "A notable History, containing four Voyages made by certain French Captains into Florida," 1587, was from the French journal by Laudonnière; "Virginia richly Valued, 1609," from the Portuguese work of Ferdinand de Soto; a facsimile of this was published by the Holbein Society, 1888.

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The Manuscripts left by Hakluyt were in part used by Purchas in his 'Pilgrimes."

The latest and best edition of "Hakluyt's Voyages" has been published by Messrs. MacLehose & Sons, of Glasgow, 1903, etc.

"Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen," 1893, etc. English Voyages, selected and edited by E. E. Speight, with Preface by Sir Clements R. Markham, 1905.

Life, by Sir C. R. Markham, 1896.

THE EPISTLE DEDICATORIE IN THE

FIRST EDITION, 1589.

To the Right Honorable Sir Francis Walsingham Knight, Principal Secretarie to her Majestie, Chancellor of the Duchie of Lancaster, and one of her Majesties most honourable Privie Councell.

RIGHT Honorable, I do remember that being a youth, and one of her Majesties scholars at Westminster that fruitfull nurserie, it was my happe to visit the chamber of M. Richard Hakluyt my cosin, a Gentleman of the Middle Temple, well knowen unto you, at a time when I found lying open upon his boord certeine bookes of Cosmographie, with an universall Mappe: he seeing me somewhat curious in the view therof, began to instruct my ignorance, by shewing me the division of the earth into three parts after the olde account, and then according to the latter, & better distribution, into more: he pointed with his wand to all the knowen Seas, Gulfs, Bayes, Straights, Capes, Rivers, Empires, Kingdomes, Dukedomes, and Territories of ech part, with declaration also of their speciall commodities, & particular wants, which by the benefit of traffike, & entercourse of merchants, are plentifully supplied. From the Mappe he brought me to the Bible, and turning to the 107 Psalme, directed mee to the 23 & 24 verses, where I read, that they which go downe to the sea in ships, and occupy by the great waters, they see the works of the Lord, and his woonders in the deepe, &c. Which words of the Prophet together with my cousins discourse (things of high and rare delight to my yong nature) tooke in me so deepe an impression, that I constantly resolved, if ever I were preferred to the University, where better time, and more convenient place might be ministred for these studies, I would by Gods assistance prosecute that knowledge and kinde of literature, the doores whereof (after a sort) were SO happily opened before me.

According to which my resolution, when, not long after, I was removed to Christ-church in Oxford, my exercises

of duety first performed, I fell to my intended course, and by degrees read over whatsoever printed or written discoveries and voyages I found extant either in the Greeke, Latine, Italian, Spanish, Portugall, French, or English languages, and in my publike lectures was the first, that produced and shewed both the olde imperfectly composed, and the new lately reformed Mappes, Globes, Spheares, and other instruments of this Art for demonstration in the common schooles, to the singular pleasure, and generall contentment of my auditory. In continuance of time, and by reason principally of my insight in this study, I grew familiarly acquainted with the chiefest Captaines at sea, the greatest Merchants, and the best Mariners of our nation: by which meanes having gotten somewhat more then common knowledge, I passed at length the narrow seas into France with sir Edward Stafford, her Majesties carefull and discreet Ligier, where during my five yeeres aboad with him in his dangerous and chargeable residencie in her Highnes service, I both heard in speech, and read in books other nations miraculously extolled for their discoveries and notable enterprises by sea, but the English of all others for their sluggish security, and continuall neglect of the like attempts especially in so long and happy a time of peace, either ignominiously reported, or exceedingly condemned: which singular opportunity, if some other people our neighbors had beene blessed with, their protestations are often and vehement, they would farre otherwise have used. And that the trueth and evidence heerof may better appeare, these are the very words of Popiliniere in his booke called L'Admiral de France, and printed at Paris. 73. pag. 1, 2. The occasion of his speech is the commendation of the Rhodians, who being (as we are) Islanders, were excellent in navigation, whereupon he woondereth much that the English should not surpasse in that qualitie, in this sort: Ce qui m'a fait autresfois rechercher les occasions, qui empeschent, que les Anglois, qui ont d'esprit, de moyens, & valeur assez, pour s'aquerir un grand honneur parmi tous les Chrestiens, ne se font plus valoir sur le'element qui leur est, & doit estre plus naturel qu'à autres peuples: qui leur doivent ceder en la structure, accommodement & police de navires: comme j'ay veu en plusieurs endroits parmi eux. Thus both hearing, and reading the obloquie of our nation, and

Fol.

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