it is crucial in building and maintaining the morale and good
comportment among our guerrillas."

"As for ZAPU, it is no secret that we base our work on the principles
of Marxism-Leninism and that our ideological position is rooted in
the masses. The struggle to create a new society such as we are
striving for must be based on the principles of scientific socialism."
"We are committed to a programme of establishing a socialist state
and society in Zimbabwe, and this we will do. We will need the support
of everyone who has something to contribute, irrespective of race,
colour or creed. In the short term there will be land reform and the
establishment of peoples' control over all large companies, including
the multinationals operating in our country. Later we will go further,...
but it is difficult to be more specific at this stage. Nevertheless,

I am convinced that a free and socialist Zimbabwe will be a better place
to live in for all Zimbabweans."

Interview with George Nyandoro, General Secretary of ZAPU

"During the liberation struggle our main objective is to seize power then we can begin the social revolution, begin to put our social principles into practice. When we liberate an area, then we will begin our social revolution from that base - in practical terms. Until that time, until we have power in a liberated area, considerations of socialist programme and policies are necessarily confined to the realm of pure theory." Interview with George Silundika, ZAPU Publicity and Information Secretary "We are confident that the masses will not allow any leaders, whether of the ANC or any other organization, to commit the nation to a nonrevolutionary course. Our guarantee is the persistence of the masses in their demand for genuine freedom, which they have already sacrificed so much for. The ANC struck a correct note with an already organized people and the people reacted in a disciplined manner. So while the ANC leadership is inexperienced, the masses have a long history of struggle and will ensure a correct direction to further developments. Bishop Muzorewa's (President of the ANC) recent public surrender of the principle of 'one man, one vote' and his unprincipled flirtation with Ian Smith represent a radical and dangerous deviation from the correct line of the masses."

Z.A.N.U.:

The following quotations are from documents and evidence presented to the Special Court established in terms of Section 3 of the Emergency Powers (Special Court) Regulations, 1975, and presided over by the Honourable Hector Macdonald, Acting Chief Justice of Rhodesia. The Special Court was established to consider the redetention of the Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole, leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union, which is a banned organization in Rhodesia but which is now operating under the umbrella of the African National Council. The following extracts are presented. The official political programme of ZANU has this to say about the establishment of a new state in Rhodesia:

"A truly socialist, self-supporting economy would be established
and organized on broad principles enunciated by Marxism-Leninism."

In a publication "Basic Information about ZANU", the question is posed, what is ZANU's ideology? The answer is given as follows:

"ZANU is guided by the principles of Marxism-Leninism. It aims at
achieving a socialist revolution. However, before the achievement
of such a socialist revolution, a transitional stage of national
democratic revolution is necessary. The national democratic revo-
lution is a necessary preparation for the socialist revolution, and
the socialist revolution is the inevitable sequel to the national
democratic revolution. The deeper the national democratic revolution,
the better the conditions for socialist revolution."

In the official monthly publication for the month of December, 1974, the following claims are made:

"The same period in question saw great achievements and advances in
the field of political mobilization at home and abroad. Combining
theory and practice and utilizing Marxist-Leninist organization tactics,
ZANU cadres throughout the country made great inroads in the mobilization
of the suffering people. Workers, peasants, intellectuals and students
have all come in full force to support the struggie under the banner of ZANU.
ZANU secret branches have been set up throughout the country. Party
cadres have organized themselves into clandestine ZANU cells in the
countryside, urban residential areas, factories, colleges, etc., in order
to carry out political underground work and mobilization of the people."

In the opening paragraph of its political programme, ZANU states that at the time of its formation "it was dedicated to the policy of national independence and national liberation through violent revolution. It sought to unite all African people behind a leadership committed to this Policy... For the last seven years, ZANU has been committed to a policy of violent revolution in order to change totally and completely the existing social and political system." In the same document, under the heading "The Task at Present", it is said that

"The most pressing task of the Party, freedom-fighters and the people
at present is to intensify the armed struggle in Zimbabwe in order to
free our motherland within this decade... ZANU is committed to achieving
national independence through the armed struggle. It disapproves of the
policy of collaboration with the white racist states in Southern Africa
advocated by the Republic of Malawi. While ZANU appreciates the motives
and reasons behind the signatories to the Lusaka Manifesto, it completely
rejects its approach to the problem and re-affirms its belief in the armed
struggle."

In the December, 1974 edition of the "Zimbabwe News", the following emerges:

"ZANU says that there is no ceasefire and there won't be a ceasefire
until there is a definite programme to transfer power to the African
people of Zimbabwe. And the only man who can call for a ceasefire is
Comrade Ndabaningi Sithole, the President of ZANU".

APPENDIX VI

[The following newspaper articles concerning chrome were furnished for the record.]

[From the American Metal Market, July 3, 1975]

SOVIETS REPORTED SEEKING 10 PERCENT CHROME ORE PRICE INCREASE IN EUROPE

(By Donald Nordberg)

NEW YORK.-The Soviet Union is seeking a 10 percent increase in the price of chrome ore for delivery to European customers in the second half, according to sources close to the chrome ore trade.

In price talks currently underway with consumers, in Europe the Soviet officials are said to be pressing for the price increase, but no consumer is yet known to have accepted the higher tags.

Although prices paid by European consumers in the first half are not known, they are believed to be similar to the reported $155 per metric ton, delivered, price paid by United States consumers in the first half. The price is based on a 48 percent chromic oxide content, with an escalator clause for higher chrome content. Russian metallurgical ores are typically 54 percent.

The European talks have now extended into July, and talks with U.S. consumers are expected to begin immediately following their conclusion.

The price move comes in the wake of a severe recession in stainless steel production in both Europe and the U.S., and amid trade reports that the Russians recently offered ferrochrome to European consumers and traders at substantial discounts from the producer price.

While the quantities of Soviet ferrochrome offered in Europe are reportedly low, the charge chrome discount price of $1,000 per metric ton of chrome, or 45.3 cents per pound delivered inland, is well below the German producer price of about 60 cents per pound, f.o.b. producer, and substantially below the current European merchant ferrochrome market.

The effect of the higher chrome ore asking price on U.S. consumers is uncertain, owing to marked differences in the apparent inventory positions of European and American consumers. While European consumers have faced severe curtailments of shipments of chrome from southern Africa this year, U.S. consumers (with the exception of Union Carbide Corp.) are not traditionally dependent on African supply and have reported heavy chrome inventories.

One report from Germany suggested that the South Africans are more than 300,000 tons behind schedule on their chrome shipments this year because of transportation problems with the railroads and ports of Mozambique. (Union Carbide is now 30 percent behind on its shipments from South Africa and Rhodesia, Metal division president Fred C. Kroft, Jr., said recently.)

In addition, Metallgesellschaft AG of West Germany reportedly has tried to eliminate its position on chrome ore, approaching possible customers in the United States. Metallgesellschaft has been a sales agent for various independent Turkish miners, sources said.

The chief U.S. consumers of Russian chrome ore are facing high inventories of unprocessed ore in addition to higher stocks of ferrochrome in their own hands and those of the steel companies.

Norris B. McFarlane, group vice-president of Airco Inc., and president of the Alloys division, said recently that the current slow market for chrome products in conjunction with Airco's added purchases of lower grade Russian and Finnish ores mean that the firm does not need to take any of the quantities contracted for the second half with the Russians at the end of last year.

At that time, prices were fixed for first half shipments at roughly twice the level paid during 1974. While quantities were specified for the full year, prices for the second half were left open.

Shortly after the new contracts took effect, Turkish ore prices through the government-owned mining company Etibank were also increased for their first half (March to August), and subsequently all ferrochrome producers here have been forced to cut back production sharply. Production levels now are reported at between 50 and 70 percent of capacity, and finished product inventories are said to be rising for some producers.

New Bureau of Mines figures also indicated that consumers stocks are now approaching four months supply, based on operating and stocks levels in April April figures indicated that high carbon ferrochrome inventories in consumer hands were 45,150 short tons (gross weight), while consumption was 12,829 tons. By contrast, six months previously, when stainless steel producers were only beginning to see order books declining, stocks were 20,515 short tons, while consumption was 26,542 tons.

The largest drop in consumption reported by the Bureau of Mines is in the category of stainless and heat resisting steels, also the largest consuming sector. In April their consumption of high carbon ferrochrome fell to only 6,258 tons of material, off to less than one-third of October's 18,872 tons.

[From the Sunday Telegraph, Mar. 30, 1975]

RUSSIA DEFIES U.N. ON CHROME

(By Our Diplomatic Staff)

Russia is believed to be importing large quantities of chrome ore from Rhodesia in defiance of the United Nations mandatory resolutions on economic sanctions. Chrome is a highly strategic metal used for hardening steel.

Diplomatic and commercial sources claim that the extensive trade is carried on under cover of forged manifests. The ore is shipped through third country ports in the Persian Gulf, as well as Japan, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Morocco. In return Russia is sending Rhodesia ball bearings and other industrial manufactures. The Johannesburg weekly, Financial Times, has confirmed the arrival of Russian ball bearings in Rhodesia.

Copies of this report have been distributed to members of the United Nations Rhodesian Sanctions Committee, at Britain's request. The Russians denied the allegations.

EXPORT BOOST

Russia is herself the second largest producer of chrome, after Rhodesia. But it is an inferior ore, with less titanium, and it is believed that the Russians are blending Rhodesian ore with their own, both for home use and to enhance exports. Late last year the Japanese Foreign Ministry said, in effect, that Japan was importing huge amounts of the ore from Rhodesia. Until then Japan had insisted that all its African ore came from South Africa, not a large producer.

Then is was wryly admitted that Japan's chrome imports from Africa were 200,000 tons in excess of the exports shown by South African documents. Clearly it came from Rhodesia.

The Japanese, who now are co-operating with the Russians in the development of Siberian oil and timber resources, obviously could be persuaded to tranship the forbidden ore to Russia.

[From the American Metal Market, Feb. 28, 1975]

GOVERNMENT AIDE STRESSES ADVERSE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CHROME BAN

(By Jeff Wood)

WASHINGTON.-A senior State Department economic official said under questioning that reimposition of the United States ban of Rhodesian chrome imports would have adverse economic impact on this country and its specialty steel industry.

Julius Katz also conceded in congressional hearings Wednesday that American chrome trade with Rhodesia since 1972 hasn't harmed U.S. trade or investment relations with minerals/metals-rich black Africa nations, including Zambia and Zaire.

He and a State Department diplomatic official, James Blake, of the African desk, said the Byrd amendment exempting chrome has been a diplomatic embarrassment.

And, in a proposal which may generate controversy on both sides of the Rhodesian chrome issue, John J. Sheehan, legislative director of the United Steel

workers of America, said that an amendment should be attached to the chrome embargo bill that would block imports of finished steel products containing Rhodesian chrome alloys.

Early industry reaction to Sheehan's proposal yesterday indicated that some domestic specialty steel firms could probably support this "contained chromite" ban, but not for the reasons that the USW official intended. There is some feeling that the amendment would kill the bill altogether and even if it didn't, it could seriously curb the inflow of foreign stainless steel imports.

Sheehan later pointed out in a telephone interview that there is precedent for banning products containing Rhodesian chrome, provided the United States is a party to the full economic sanctions of Rhodesia-a position it was in prior to the enactment of the Byrd amendment exemption in 1972.

At least one U.S. ferroalloys firm was fined for attempting to import Rhodesianorigin ores prior to the lifting of the U.S. embargo of chromium and other strategic materials, he noted.

The USW proposal, for which the big union is prepared to lobby heavily, according to Sheehan, became particularly relevant in view of testimony Wednesday by a representative of a Rhodesian black nationalist faction, who admitted that several European countries and Japan have been paying only lip service to the United Nations economic sanctions ever since they were imposed.

Rev. Canaan Bonana of the African National Council, told the International Organizations subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee "European nations and Japan (despite ostensible formal support of the UN embargo) have been silent partners in covert trade with Rhodesia," in chromium and other materials.

Bonana noted, however, that Japan and EEC countries have taken steps in the past year to cut down on sanctions violations by their nations. He said that in the first 11 months of 1974, the U.S. imported Rhodesian minerals worth $19million. Since adoption of the Byrd amendment, more than $62-million in foreign exchange has been provided to the white Ian Smith government by U.S. purchases of Rhodesian minerals, Bonana said.

The hearings Wednesday were heavily stacked with supporters of the new legislative effort to cut off Rhodesian chrome imports by repeal of the Byrd amendment. Subsequent hearings, tentatively scheduled for March 11, will hear from supporters of the antiembargo forces which consist mainly of U.S. specialty steel firms. Rep. John Dent (D.-Pa.) and Rep. Richard Ichord, a Missouri Democrat, are expected to be called.

The lone industry witness at this week's hearings was E. F. Andrews, vice-president-materials and services, Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Pittsburgh,

Andrews submitted a lengthy statement for the hearings record supporting the industry position that Rhodesian chrome access, both metallurgical chrome and ferrochromium, is essential to the domestic stainless steel firms.

The Allegheny Ludlum executive noted that, while it is true as claimed by proembargo forces that Rhodesian exports of chromite ore has declined because of the embargo and ferrochromium shipments have sharply increased harming U.S. ferroalloys, this took place because of the pre-1972 embargo, not despite it.

He said that Bureau of Mines figures on chromium imports of all types will show that as much as 64 percent of the total amount stems originally from Rhodesia.

He attributed this to Rhodesian exports, South African exports of Rhodesian chrome and violations of the embargo by other nations.

Andrews further stated that it was the UN embargo which forced the Rhodesian government to move in the direction of ferrochrome production. The 1967– 1971 chrome embargo, in effect, closed down U.S. mine facilities in Rhodesia with the result that U.S. firms eventually had to phase out some of their ferroalloy processing operations in this country for lack of low priced ores.

Andrews said that the recent increases in chromite prices (to a record $174 a ton) by the Soviet Union had little to do with market forces but reflected a hedge in anticipation of congressional passage of the embargo bill.

Ore and ferrochromium prices from other producer nations also have been artifically inflated for this reason, according to Andrews. Rhodesian prices have remained under the world market. In 1974, he said, the Rhodesian price of $316 a ton for hi-carbon ferrochrome was 60 percent below the Japanese average and $50 a ton below that offered by German and Norwegian producers.