cluded with the Preparatory Commission of the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization which will come into effect when approved by the First Assembly of the Iмco. In addition agreements will be concluded with the International Trade Organization (ITO), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) when these organizations come into being.

The Council is further assisted in the execution of its responsibilities by the International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), functioning as a semi-autonomous body under an Executive Board, which is under the general authority of the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly.

The Trusteeship Council. The Trusteeship Council consists of (a) those members of the United Nations administering trust territories; (b) such of the following members as are not administering trust territories: the Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America; and (c) as many other members elected for three-year terms by the General Assembly as may be necessary to insure that the total number of members of the Trusteeship Council is equally divided between those members of the United Nations which administer trust territories and those which do not. The present members of the Trusteeship Council are Australia, Belgium, France, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States (administering trust territories); China, Soviet Union (permanent members of the Security Council not adminstering trust territories); and four elected members. The United States was first a nonadministering state, but became an administering authority July 18, 1947, when the trusteeship agreement which it submitted for the trust territory of the Pacific Islands came into force.

Each member of the Council designates one qualified representative. Each member has one vote. Decisions are made by a majority of the members present and voting.

The Trusteeship Council has primary responsibility for the supervision of the administration of territories placed under the international trusteeship system and for the promotion of the well-being and advancement of the dependent peoples of the world. Ten trust territories, all formerly under League of Nations mandate, have been placed under the international trusteeship system. The Council examines reports and petitions from these territories.

The Secretariat. The Secretariat is an international civil service. which serves as the staff and administrative center of the organization. Its members are appointed by the Secretary-General and are recruited on as wide a geographical basis as possible. In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and staff are bound by article 100 of the Charter not to "seek or receive instructions from any govern

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ment or from any other authority external to the Organization" and to "refrain from any action which might reflect on their position as international officials responsible only to the Organization."

The Secretariat has responsibility for servicing the meetings of the other principal organs, of preparing studies and background material for meetings, and of serving as executive agent of the organization on administrative and budgetary matters and in connection with a variety of special projects.

The Secretary-General, Trygve Lie, is the chief administrative officer. He is assisted by eight Assistant Secretaries-General, each of whom is in charge of a major department of the Secretariat.

The official languages of the United Nations are Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. The working languages are French, English, and Spanish.

The International Court of Justice. The Charter provides that the International Court of Justice is the "principal judicial organ of the United Nations." The Court as a whole is to give representation to the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.

The Court adopts its own rules of procedure. It elects its own president and vice president for three-year terms. It remains permanently in session. French and English are the official languages, but the Court may authorize other languages to be used by the parties. Questions are decided by a majority, the president having a deciding vote in the event of an equality of votes. Nine judges constitute a quorum. Judges who differ from the majority are entitled to deliver a separate opinion.

The Court forms annually a chamber of five judges to hear cases by summary procedure and may form additional chambers of three or more judges for dealing with particular categories of cases. If the Court does not include a judge of the nationality of a party to the dispute, such party may choose a judge to sit for the particular case.

The Registry of the Court, under the registrar, is responsible for the physical, administrative, recording, archival, and accounting functions relating to its work. The registrar (Edward Hambro) and his deputy are elected by the Court for seven-year terms.

FINANCES

Budget. The Charter provides that the General Assembly shall consider and approve the budget of the organization. The Assembly performs this function on the basis of study and recommendations by its Administrative and Budgetary Committee. The latter is assisted by an Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, a group of nine experts who serve in their individual capacities. This

group of experts examines and reports to the General Assembly on the budget estimates submitted by the Secretary-General.

The expanding program of the United Nations has resulted in a corresponding expansion of annual expenditures. The expenditure budgets since 1946 have been as follows:

Year

1946

1947

1948

1949

2

Budget $19,390, 000 1 28, 616, 568 239, 285, 736

43, 487, 128

1 Figure includes 1947 supplemental budget in the amount of $876,568.

Figure includes 1948 supplemental budget in the amount of $4,460,541.

The budget of the International Court of Justice is included in the United Nations budget. In 1949, $650,000 was allocated for the expenses of the Court.

The expenditures of the organization are financed largely by member contributions. Some additional revenue is obtained from staff assessments (similar to national income taxes), the sale of publications, income from investments, rent, reimbursement for car rentals, et cetera. Working Capital Fund. The General Assembly maintains a Working Capital Fund (revolving reserve fund) in the amount of 20 million dollars to meet unforeseen and extraordinary expenditures. The Working Capital Fund also enables the organization to carry on its regularly budgeted activities pending receipt of annual contributions from members. The Fund is reimbursed as necessary by contributions to a supplemental budget for which members are assessed in the financial year following the year in which withdrawals are made.

The Fund is made up of member advances, paid at the same rate as assessments for the regular budget. These advances stand as credits for each member, and the equities are adjusted automatically to reflect changes made in the regular scale of contributions.

Members' Quotas. The Charter provides that the expenses of the organization shall be borne by the members as apportioned by the General Assembly. The Assembly is assisted in the development of the scale of contributions by a Committee on Contributions composed of 10 individual experts.

The United Nations scale is based primarily upon relative capacities to pay, modified by a minimum assessment of .04 percent and an adjustment of the largest share downward in accordance with the view that an organization of sovereign states should not be unduly dependent upon any single member for financial support in connection with regular administrative expenses. The United States assessment is presently 39.89 percent of total member assessments, but the General Assembly in 1948 recognized "that in normal times no one Member State should contribute more than one-third of the ordinary expenses of the United Nations for any one year."

The scale of contributions for the financial year 1949 is as follows:

Authorization. The Senate of the United States by a resolution of July 28, 1945, gave its advice and consent to the ratification of the Charter of the United Nations with the Statute of the International Court of Justice annexed thereto as an integral part of the Charter, and the President of the United States, on August 8, 1945, ratified and confirmed the Charter with the Statute. The United States has deposited a Declaration,* pursuant to article 36, paragraphs 2 and 4 of the Statute, accepting the Court's jurisdiction as compulsory in legal disputes in relation to other states accepting the same obligation. The Declaration received the advice and consent of the Senate by resolution of August 2, 1946. It is in force for five years from August 14, 1946, and thereafter until expiration of six months' notice of termination. 4 See Basic Texts and Publications, p. 16.

The United Nations Participation Act provides for the appointment of representatives of the United States in the organs and agencies of the United Nations; authorizes the President to apply nonmilitary enforcement measures decided upon by the Security Council for the supply of armed forces; and authorizes appropriations for the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of the United Nations. On February 19, 1946, the United Nations was designated by the President as a public international organization entitled to the benefits of the International Organizations Immunities Act.*

Payments. The United States pays its contribution to the United Nations out of funds appropriated to the Department of State for this purpose. It has made the following contributions to the budgets of the United Nations:

The amount of the United States initial advance to the Working Capital Fund was $7,978,000.

Agencies Chiefly Concerned. While the Department of State is the agency primarily responsible for United States participation in the United Nations, many other agencies of the Government play a role in this work. In the formulation of United States policies and programs for expression in the Security Council and its subordinate bodies on atomic energy and conventional armaments and in the Military Staff Committee, the National Military Establishment and the United States Atomic Energy Commission collaborate closely with the Department of State. The Economic and Social Council covers a broad range of subjects of interest and concern to many agencies, such as the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, Justice, and Labor, as well as the Federal Security Agency, the Tariff Commission, the Maritime Commission, and the Bureau of the Budget. The agencies often provide advisers to the United States Representative in meetings of the Council. Trusteeship matters and problems affecting non-self-governing territories are subjects of collaboration between the Department of State and the Departments of Navy and Interior.

Participation. The United States is represented by a Mission at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York. The principal func

* See Basic Texts and Publications, p. 16.