of the administrative budget and $68,652,679 its share of the operational budget.

Agencies Chiefly Concerned. Responsibility for United States policy toward the International Refugee Organization rests with the Department of State, which collaborates closely in this respect with the Department of the Army and the Displaced Persons Commission.

Participation. Official United States representatives are designated by the President to attend sessions of the General Council and the Executive Committee. Separate designations have been made for each session of each of these bodies. The United States has taken a leading part in the affairs of the IRO.

RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Pursuant to articles 57 and 63 of the Charter of the United Nations, an agreement has been concluded between the United Nations and the IRO. This agreement, which came into force on November 18, 1948, established IRO as a specialized agency of the United Nations and laid down the terms of the relationship between the two organizations. Various agreements also have been concluded between the IRO and the United States, British, and French Occupation authorities, as well as countries of repatriation and resettlement.

BASIC TEXTS AND PUBLICATIONS

United States Participation: 61 Stat. 214; 22 U.S.C. 289.

International Organizations Immunities Act (59 Stat. 669; 8 U.S.C. 203, 215; 22 U.S.C. 288 a, b, c, d, e, f, note; 26 U.S.C. 116, 1400, 1426, 1600, 1607 and notes, 1621, 3466, 3469, 3475, 3797; 42 U.S.C. 401, 409, 1001, 1101, notes) made applicable to the International Refugee Organization by Executive Order 9887, dated August 22, 1947.

U. S. Department of State. International Refugee Organization, Preparatory Commission, Agreement between the United States of America and Other Powers, opened for signature at New York, December 15, 1946. Effective December 31, 1946. Treaties and Other International Acts Series 1583. Pub. 2804. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1947.

International Refugee Organization, Constitution adopted by the United States of America and Other Governments, opened for signature at New York, December 15, 1946. Entered into Force August 20, 1948. Treaties and Other International Acts Series 1846. Pub. 3362. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1949.

Bulletin. Report on the Second Session of the Council, International Refugee Organization. vol. 20, no. 15, May 15, 1949. pp. 618-19. Preparatory Commission of the International Refugee Organization. Report to the General Council of the International Refugee Organization by the Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission, 1 July 1947 to 30 June 1948. Geneva, 1948. 49 pp.

International Refugee Organization. First Annual Report of the International Refugee Organization to the United Nations. May 1949. 95 pp.

Statistical Report. Monthly. Geneva.

Pan American Sanitary Organization

2001 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D.C.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

In recognition of the fact that a permanent uniform system of protection was necessary to combat the spread of epidemic diseases from country to country, the Second International Conference of American States, which met in Mexico City, 1901-2, authorized the calling of periodic sanitary conferences of representatives of the American republics and the creation of a permanent International Sanitary Bureau in Washington. The Bureau, established in 1902, developed from an organization with 11 participating countries, concerned mainly with the receipt and dissemination of information relating to incidences and new occurrences of certain epidemic diseases to one with extensive responsibilities and with membership of all of the American republics. The name of the Bureau was changed in 1920 to the Pan American Sanitary Bureau and in 1924, the Seventh Pan American Sanitary Conference adopted the Pan American Sanitary Convention which placed the organization on a conventional basis.16 The Twelfth Pan American Sanitary Conference, Caracas, 1947, adopted the name, Pan American Sanitary Organization, modified the structure of the organization and authorized the adoption of a new constitution. This constitution was formulated and adopted by the newly created Directing Council at its first meeting, Buenos Aires, November 1947. These developments occurred in anticipation of the role which the Pan American Sanitary Organization (PASO) is to play in international health activities as a regional organization of the World Health Organization (WHO). (See Relations with Other International Organizations, p. 248).

MEMBERSHIP

All 21 of the American republics are members of the Paso by virtue of their being parties to the Sanitary Convention of 1924. The constitution adopted in 1947 provides for the membership in the organization of all self-governing nations of the Western Hemisphere and for the participation without voting rights of non-self-governing territories of the Western Hemisphere. With integration of the PASO with the WHO and the contemplated amendment of the Pan American Sanitary Convention of 1924, membership will be governed by the provisions of the WHO constitution.

PURPOSES, POWERS, AND FUNCTIONS

The purposes and functions of the Paso are defined by the Pan American Sanitary Code (1924), by resolutions of the successive Pan 16 See Basic Texts and Publications, p. 249.

American Sanitary Conferences and by the Constitution adopted in 1947 which specifies in art. 1 that the fundamental purposes of the Paso are "to promote and coordinate efforts of the countries of the Western Hemisphere to combat disease, lengthen life, and promote the physical and mental health of the people".

The PASO stimulates and promotes the expansion of national and local health services and the adoption of more effective public health techniques. The Bureau acts as a consulting office for the national directors of health of the American republics, prepares the programs, and publishes the proceedings of the Pan American Sanitary Conferences and the Conferences of the National Directors of Health and carries out epidemiological and other scientific studies and investigations. It also publishes in four languages a monthly Pan American Sanitary Bulletin, weekly and monthly reports on disease prevalence, and other publications on subjects on sanitation and medical matters. It grants fellowships both from its own funds and from funds obtained from other sources for Latin American graduates in medicine and allied sciences.

The functions of the Paso are adapted to the peculiar needs of the Americas. For example, it has provided technical advice and assistance on yellow fever control to all of the American States and is continuing a program for the continental eradication of the Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector of urban yellow fever. In addition, as a regional organization of the WHO, the PASO is to carry on activities similar to those of WHO (see p. 248).

STRUCTURE

The basic organ of the PASO is the Pan American Sanitary Conference which is composed of representatives of all of the members and meets every 4 years. The Directing Council, composed of one representative of each member and meeting every year, acts on behalf of the Conference between its meetings, approving the annual program and budget of the organization, electing members of the Executive Committee, et cetera. The Executive Committee is composed of representatives of seven members elected for a period of 3 years and meets at 6-month intervals, one of these meetings occurring in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Directing Council. The Pan American Sanitary Bureau with its headquarters in Washington and headed by the Director, Dr. Fred L. Soper, is responsible for the execution of the program under the general direction of the Executive Committee. In the future, as a result of the integration of the Pan American Sanitary Organization with the WHO, the Director of the Bureau will be appointed by the Executive Board of WHо on nomination of the Directing Council, serving as Regional Committee of the WHO in the Western Hemisphere.

FINANCES

Budget. The budget of the organization is approved by the Directing Council. The Council adopted a budget of $1,300,000 for the calendar year 1948. Of this amount $284,488 was to be obtained by assessments against members and the remainder by voluntary supplemental contributions, the amount of the latter to be negotiated by the Director with each Government which was able and willing to make such additional contribution. Total contributions actually received on this voluntary basis were $523,490 as of September 15, 1949.

For the calendar year 1949, the Council approved a budget of $1,700,000 to be financed by assessments against members.

Members' Quotas. The Pan American Sanitary Convention of 1924 provides that the expenses of the PASO are to be apportioned on the same basis as the expenses of the Pan American Union. The Directing Council voted to apply to the 1949 budget of the Paso the scale of contributions in effect for the Pan American Union for its fiscal year 1949, according to which contributions were computed 40 percent on the basis of population and 60 percent on the basis of the contributions of the American States to the United Nations. For the year 1948, members contributed at the rate of $1 per thousand inhabitants. Before that year, contributions were at the rate of 40 cents per thousand inhabitants.

The scale of contributions for the calendar year 1949 is as follows:

UNITED STATES RELATIONS

Authorization. United States participation in the Pan American Sanitary Organization is based on the ratification, on March 28, 1925, of the Pan American Sanitary Convention of November 14, 1924.17 On July 11, 1946, the President designated the Pan American Sanitary Bureau as a public international organization entitled to enjoy the benefits of the International Organizations Immunities Act.17

17

Payments. The United States contribution is paid from funds appropriated to the Department of State for this purpose. The U.S. contribution for the fiscal year 1947, at the rate of 40 cents per thousand inhabitants, was $63,585; for the period July 1 to December 31, 1947 (a transition period before the organization changed its financial year to the calendar year), $31,955; and for the calendar year 1948, at the rate of $1 per thousand population, $152,585. Under the new scale of contributions which went into effect for the calendar year 1949, the United States was assessed 72.13 percent of the total budget, or approximately $1,226,210.

Agencies Chiefly Concerned. The agencies of the United States Government chiefly concerned with the activities of the PASO are the Public Health Service of the Federal Security Agency and the Department of State. Since the Bureau is located in Washington it maintains contacts with other agencies of the Federal Government and through the Public Health Service with sanitation officers and individual experts throughout the country. From time to time in the past several years the Public Health Service has detailed certain officers for duty with the Bureau to assist in performance of functions in which the United States has a special interest such as, for example, the control of communicable diseases along the United States-Mexico border.

RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Pursuant to article 54 of the WHO constitution, which provides for the integration of the PASO with the WHO in "due course," an initial agreement was concluded between the two organizations on May 24, 1949, formally accepted by the World Health Assembly on July 1, 1949, whereby the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) serves as the regional office of the WHO in the Western Hemisphere and the Directing Council as the Regional Committee.

The PASO maintains close relations with the Organization of American States (OAS) with which an agreement is now being negotiated in pursuance of the terms of the charter of the Oas signed at Bogotá in 1948. In accordance with an arrangement dating from the establishment of the PASB, the contributions of states to the PASO are paid 17 See Basic Texts and Publications, p. 249.