to the Pan American Union and transmitted by it to the PASO. The PASO also maintains relations with other inter-American agencies such as the American International Institute for the Protection of Childhood.

BASIC TEXTS AND PUBLICATIONS

U.S. Department of State. Sanitary Convention Between the United States and Other Powers. Signed at Washington, October 14, 1905. Treaty Series 518. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1909. 27 pp. (35 Stat. 2094). Sanitary Convention Between the United States and Other American Republics. Signed at Habana, November 14, 1924. Treaty Series 714. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1925. 44 pp. (44 Stat. 2031). Additional Protocol Between the United States and Other American Republics Amending the Pan American Sanitary Convention. Signed at Habana on November 14, 1924. Treaty Series 763. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928. 6 pp. (45 Stat. 2613).

International Organizations Immunities Act (59 Stat. 669; 8 U.S.C. 203, 215; 22 U.S.C. 288 a, b, c, d, e, f, note: 26 U.S.C. 116, 1400, 1426, 1600, 1607 and notes, 1621, 3466, 3469, 3475, 3797; 42 U.S.C. 401, 409, 1001, 1101, notes) made applicable to the Pan American Sanitary Bureau by Executive Order 9751, dated July 11, 1946.

Pan American Sanitary Bureau. Constitution of the Pan American Sanitary Organization. P.A.S.B. Publication 235, 1948.

Final Act. Tenth Pan American Sanitary Conference, September 4-14,

1938. P.A.S.B. Pub. 129. Washington, 1939.

Alphabetical List of Medical and Public Health Journals in Latin America. P.A.S.B. Publication 185, Washington, 1942. 60 pp.

Pan American Sanitary Bulletin. Monthly. Washington, 1922—.

United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund

405 East 42d St., New York, N.Y.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

When in August 1946 a decision was reached that UNRRA programs should be terminated it was recognized that the needs of children would still continue to require special attention. A decision to apply to a children's fund the residual assets of UNRRA was taken by the Council of UNRRA in August 1946. The General Assembly of the United Nations formally established the International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) by its resolution 57 (I) of December 11, 1946. A year later, when adequate contributions had been received, operations really began for some 375,000 children in six European

842727-50- -17

countries. Since then they have progressively expanded and as of May 1, 1949, about 4,500,000 children and mothers are receiving a daily supplementary meal, some 40 million children in Europe are being tested and vaccinated for tuberculosis, and technical nutrition, health, and welfare services are being rendered by the Fund in certain areas of the world outside the scope of the mass operations of the Fund.

MEMBERSHIP

The members of the Executive Board of the Fund, all members of the United Nations, were elected by the General Assembly at the time the basic resolution was adopted. Switzerland was subsequently added to the list. The membership may be changed by the General Assembly of the United Nations on the recommendation of the Economic and Social Council, at any time after the first 3 years of the Fund's existence. The present members of the Executive Board of the Fund are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Canada, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, France, Greece, Iraq, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of South Africa, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Yugoslavia.

PURPOSES, POWERS, AND FUNCTIONS

The purpose of the Children's Fund is that its resources shall be utilized and administered (a) for the benefit of children of countries victims of aggression, (b) for the benefit of children of countries which received assistance from UNRRA, and (c) for child health purposes generally "giving high priority to the children of countries victims. of aggression".

The Fund operates by obtaining contributions from countries able to help with money, goods, and services and by distributing that aid to countries on the basis of their children's needs. Governments of assisted countries supplement the contributions of the Fund from their own supplies and also bear local administrative costs. Supplies reach the children through approximately 35,000 feeding stations, schools, clinics, hospitals, et cetera. Supervision of local distribution is maintained by the Fund.

STRUCTURE

A 26-nation Executive Board lays down the policies of the Fund in accordance with such principles as may be established by the Economic and Social Council and the Social Commission of the United Nations. A 10-nation Program Committee considers Fund policies in the first instance and prepares recommendations for the Executive

Board. A Committee on Administrative Budget makes initial recommendations on the administrative budget of the Fund.

The chief administrative officer is the Executive Director, who is appointed by and responsible to the Secretary-General of the United Nations but who in practice operates semi-autonomously at the direction of the Executive Board. The present Executive Director is Maurice Pate, who was appointed on January 8, 1947, without specification of length of tenure.

Meetings of the Board are not held at fixed intervals but are convened, in practice, about four times a year. The Program Committee generally meets at the same time. French and English are the working languages of the UNICEF. Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the official languages. The documents appear chiefly in the working languages.

FINANCES

Budget. The Executive Director is responsible for the submission of budget estimates to the Executive Board for the latter's review and approval. The Executive Board, upon the recommendations of its Program Committee, determines programs in terms of anticipated resources and allocates the funds to be used in carrying out these programs. Based on these decisions, the Executive Director submits to the Board estimates covering the administrative costs, which are screened by the Committee on Administrative Budget of the Executive Board before submission to the Board itself.

As of June 27, 1949, total allocations made by the Executive Board since the beginning of the Fund's activities for program operations and administration amounted to $129,765,200. Cumulative contributions and pledges from all sources during 1947, 1948, and through June 27, 1949, totaled $132,574,000. Government contributions and pledges totaled $89,552,000. Other revenue included $31,759,000 from UNRRA residual assets; $10,631,000 as the Fund's share in the United Nations Appeal for Children campaigns; and $632,000 from other private donors.

Members' Quotas. Government contributions to the UNICEF are on a voluntary basis. The Fund reports that contributions (excluding pledges) actually received as of June 27, 1949, totaled $80,344,701.49, as follows:

Governments

Denmark.

Dominican Republic.

Amounts contributed

$416, 740. 00

120, 000. 00

36, 764. 70 809, 806. 78 10,000.00

5, 590.00 40, 281.00 60, 450.00 110, 072. 95 5,000.00 2,830. 19 100,050.00 1, 213, 000.00 91, 208. 62 750,000.00

4, 101.82 1,735, 196. 35 85,475.00 476, 644. 79

403, 000. 00 57, 434, 522. 00 1, 000, 000. 00

448, 116. 47

$80, 344, 701. 49

Authorization. Since the UNICEF is an integral part of the United Nations, no authorization was required for United States participation. United States contributions to the Fund have been authorized by a joint resolution approved May 31, 1947, amended December 17, 1947, and later modified by an act of Congress approved April 3, 1948, amended July 14, 1949.18

Payments or Contributions.

The act of Congress approved April 3, 1948, authorized the United States to contribute to the Fund before July 1, 1949 (a) 72 percent of the "total resources contributed after May 31, 1947, by all governments, including the United States, for programs carried out under the supervision of such Fund," with the proviso that "in computing the amount of resources contributed there shall not be included contributions by any government for the benefit of persons located within the territory of such contributing government"; or (b) $100,000,000, whichever is the lesser.1 By an act of Congress approved July 14, 1949, this authorization was extended through June 30, 1950, with the provision that "it is the expressed intention of the Congress that such participation by the United States shall cease on June 30, 1950." 18

18 See Basic Texts and Publications, p. 253.

A total amount of $75,000,000 has been appropriated to the President for United States contributions to the Fund. The United States had actually contributed $57,434,522 as of June 27, 1949.

Agencies Chiefly Concerned. Responsibility for United States relations with the UNICEF rests with the Department of State, which cooperates closely in this respect with the Federal Security Agency (especially the Children's Bureau).

Participation. The United States representative on the Executive Board of the UNICEF and alternates are appointed by the President. The present United States representative is the chief of the Children's Bureau of the Federal Security Agency.

RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

A joint committee on health policy was established by the Fund and the World Health Organization by almost identical resolutions adopted in the two organizations (World Health Assembly, resolution of July 17, 1948, Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 13, pages 96–97, 327-28; Executive Board, UNICEF, resolution of July 22, 1948, E/901, pages 21-22).

The UNICEF has utilized the expert knowledge and services of the Food and Agriculture Organization in connection with problems of nutrition and indigenous milk production. A milk survey of four countries (Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Poland) was conducted during the latter part of 1947 by a special consultant to the UNICEF with the assistance of Government representatives and FAO experts. A conference of Government representatives and FAO experts was convened by the UNICEF in Paris (May-June 1948) to fill in gaps in the milk survey and make recommendations on dried milk processing machinery (E/ICEF/66). Further work on the same line was undertaken by a UNICEF-FAO panel of dairy experts in November-December 1948 (E/ICEF/88).

Owing to the emergency nature of the UNICEF programs and to the fact that UNICEF had funds and organization available, UNICEF has initiated a number of health projects which fall within the terms of reference of the WHO. Since the establishment of WHо, however, as a full-fledged organization, plans are being developed by mutual agreement between the two organizations to turn over to the WHO the continuing health work of the UNICEF.

BASIC TEXTS AND PUBLICATIONS

United States Participation: 61 Stat. 125 (22 U.S.C. Supp. 2, 1411-17); 61 Stat. 934 (22 U.S.C. Supp. 2, 1411); 62 Stat. 157 (22 U.S.C. Supp. 2, 1531–35); 63 Stat. 412.

United Nations. United Nations General Assembly Resolution No. 57 (I), adopted December 11, 1946.