question of exchange restrictions. (In the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, there is also provision for close consultation between the contracting parties under that agreement and the Fund on trade and exchange restrictions.) The Fund also maintains a very close working liaison with the International Bank and is in touch regularly with the FAO. BASIC TEXTS AND PUBLICATIONS "Bretton Woods Agreement Act": July 31, 1945. Ch. 339, Sec. 2; 59 Stat. 512; 22 U.S.C. 286–286K; 31 U.S.C. 804b, 822a. U.S. Department of State. International Monetary Fund: Articles of Agreement Between the United States of America and Other Powers-Formulated at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, N. H., July 1-22, 1944; signed at Washington December 27, 1945; effective December 27, 1945. Pub. 2512. Treaties and Other International Acts Series 1501. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1946. 43 pp. (60 Stat. 1401.) United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, N.H., July 1 to July 22, 1944; Final Act and Related Documents. Pub. 2187. Conference Series 55. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1944. 122 pp. Proceedings and Documents of United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, N.H., July 1-22, 1944. In two volumes. Pub. 2866. International Organization and Conference Series I, 3, 1948. Vol. I, 1126 pp.; vol. II, 680 pp. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1948. International Organizations Immunities Act (59 Stat. 669; 8 U.S.C. 203, 215; 22 U.S.C. 288 a, b, c, d, e, f, note; 26 U.S.C. 116, 1400, 1426, 1600, 1607 and notes, 1621, 3466, 3469, 3475, 3797; 42 U.S.C. 401, 409, 1001, 1101, notes) made applicable to the International Monetary Fund by Executive Order 9751, dated July 11, 1946. International Monetary Fund. First Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors; Report of the Executive Directors and Summary Proceedings. Washington, September 27-October 3, 1946. Annual Report of the Executive Directors for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1947: for the Fiscal Year Ending April 30, 1948. Summary Proceedings, Second Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors, London, 1947, Third Annual Meeting, Washington, 1948. International Financial Statistics. Monthly bulletin containing detailed financial and monetary data on 57 member and nonmember countries, plus comparative international tables on exchange rates, gold production and holdings, commercial trade, and government bond prices. Washington. International News Survey. Weekly publication giving summaries of financial and news items which have appeared in newspapers and periodicals throughout the world. Washington. In addition, the Fund has available certain publications of a more specific nature, which are available upon request. These include: Quarterly Financial Statements Directory of Members, Quotas, Governors, Voting Power, Executive Board, Officers Resolutions of the Board of Governors International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property Helvetiastrasse 7, Bern, Switzerland ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT The first multilateral effort of states to protect the rights of their nationals in industrial property in foreign states appears to have been an unofficial congress on patent reform held in 1873 in connection with the Vienna Exposition. The United States was represented at this and all subsequent conferences; however, many of these conferences were not official and, accordingly, the United States representation was unofficial. Five years later another international congress, held under the auspices of the French Ministry of Commerce at the Paris Exposition, was attended by a few official representatives. It created a Permanent International Commission which drafted and submitted to governments a convention for the protection of industrial property. The draft was agreed upon at a conference held at Paris in 1880 and formally signed by 11 governments at another Paris conference in 1883.8 Revisions and amendments of this convention were made at conferences in 1886, 1891, and 1900. It was recognized at these early conferences that most of the international difficulties pertaining to industrial property arose from the conflict in the laws of various states. Repeated efforts were made to reach an agreement which would reconcile these differences and confer desirable benefits on the nationals of all countries. To achieve this purpose, entirely new and superseding conventions were adopted in 1911, 1925, and 1934.8 However, the signatories to the 1934 convention do not comprise the present full membership of the Union since any country which has adhered to the original convention or any subsequent revision is a member of the Union. While all the difficulties experienced by nationals of member states of the Union have not been eliminated, much progress has been accomplished since the year 1883. The International Bureau of the Union, established by the original convention of 1883, has been continued in each succeeding convention. MEMBERSHIP Members of the Union are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Liechtenstein (Principality of), Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco (French Zone), 8 See Basic Texts and Publications, p. 98. Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tangier (International Zone of), Tunisia, Turkey, Union of South Africa, United States of America, and Yugoslavia. PURPOSES, POWERS, AND FUNCTIONS The general object of the Union is the protection of industrial property rights. Industrial property is defined to include "patents, utility models, industrial designs and models, trade-marks, commercial names and indications of origin, or appellations of origin." The basic principle of the convention is national treatment, i. e., the nationals of each of the members enjoy, in the territories of each of the other members of the Union, the same rights and advantages as such other members grant to their own nationals. In addition, there are special rights and advantages specifically recognized, defined, and delimited by the convention. These special rights and advantages include the right of priority, abolition of forfeiture for importation of patented articles, restriction of the obligation to work the patent, et cetera. The International Bureau centralizes and distributes information, studies matters of common interest to the members of the Union, prepares and publishes annual reports, and issues a periodical in French dealing with matters in connection with the protection of industrial property rights. The Bureau also assists in the preparation and reporting of the periodical conferences which revise the convention. STRUCTURE General conferences are held from time to time to amend the conventions. The administrative functions of the Union are performed by the International Bureau at Bern, under the supervision of the Swiss Government, which "is to regulate its organization and supervise its working." The present Director of the Bureau is Dr. Benique Mentha. FINANCES Budget. The Swiss Government supervises the financial affairs of the International Bureau. The Bureau's expenses for the calendar years 1947 and 1948 amounted to 152,737 Swiss francs ($35,686) and 158,620 Swiss francs ($37,061), respectively. The Bureau obtains its revenue almost entirely from member contributions. A nominal amount is obtained from the sale of publications. Members' Quotas. For the purpose of contributing to the expenses of the Union, member states are divided into 6 classes, contributing 3 to 25 units. Each member government designates the class to which it wishes to be assigned. The total number of units divided into the total assessments for any one year gives the value of the unit. At present there are 465 contributive units. For the year 1948, the members were classified as follows: Class I (25 units): France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, United States; Class II (20 units): Canada, Japan, Spain; Class III (15 units): Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Ireland, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland; Class IV (1v units): Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Rumania, Turkey, Union of South Africa, and Yugoslavia; Class V (5 units): Bulgaria, Greece, and Hungary; Class VI (3 units): Austria, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Morocco (French Zone), Syria, Tangier Zone, and Tunisia. UNITED STATES RELATIONS Authorization. The United States is a member by adherence to the convention of 1883 and by signature and ratification of the protocol thereto of 1891, the additional act of 1900, and the revisions of 1911, 1925, and 1934.9 The President ratified the revision of 1934 on June 27, 1935, pursuant to the advice and consent of the Senate. The U.S. instrument of ratification was deposited July 12, 1935. Payments. An annual appropriation for the United States contribution is made to the Department of State. The United States quota was 7,694 Swiss francs ($1,797) for 1947 and 7,751 Swiss francs ($1,811) for 1948. Its share is 5.38 percent of the total assessments. Agencies Chiefly Concerned. American participation is effected through the United States Patent Office, Department of Commerce. The Commissioner of Patents is generally the United States Delegate to the international conference of the Union. Participation. The United States has been a member of the Union since its adherence to the convention of 1887. The Patent Office reports that American manufacturers have benefited from the provisions of its conventions and the services of the International Bureau as much as, if not more than, any other nation. RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS A nongovernmental organization, the International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property, with headquarters at Zürich, informally disseminates the ideas set forth in the conventions and agreements adopted by the Union. 9 See Basic Texts and Publications, p. 98. BASIC TEXTS AND PUBLICATIONS U. S. Department of State. Convention and Final Protocol Between the United States and Other Powers for the Protection of Industrial Property, Signed at Paris, March 20, 1883. Treaty Series 379. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1908. 20 pp. (25 Stat. 1372) Protocol Between the United States and Other Powers, Amendatory of the Convention of March 20, 1883, for the Protection of Industrial Property, Signed at Madrid, April 15 1891. Treaty Series 385. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920. 4 pp. (27 Stat. 958.) An Additional Act, Concluded at Brussels December 14, 1900, by the Plenipotentiaries of the United States and Other Countries, for the Protec tion of Industrial Property, Modifying the Industrial Property Convention of March 20, 1883, Signed at Brussels, December 14, 1900. Treaty Series 411. Washington, Government Printing Office, n. d. 9 pp. (32 Stat. 1936.) Convention Between the United States and Other Powers for the Protection of Industrial Property, Signed at Washington, June 2, 1911. Treaty Series 579. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1913. 29 pp. Stat. 1645.) (38 Protection of Industrial Property: Convention Between the United States and Other Powers, Signed at The Hague, November 6, 1925. Treaty Series 834. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1931. 34 pp. (47 Stat. 1789.) Protection of Industrial Property: Convention Between the United States and Other Powers, Signed at London, June 2, 1934. Treaty Series 941. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1939. 43 pp. (53 Stat. 1748.) La Propriéte Industrielle. Bern, 1885-. Monthly. Proceedings of the general conferences have been published at the Bern headquarters or elsewhere. For example, those of the conference at Paris in 1880 were published at Paris in 1880 (2d ed., Bern, 1902); those of the conference at Washington in 1911 were published at Bern in 1911; and those of the conference at London in 1934 were published at Bern in 1934. International Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs 38 rue de l'Association, Brussels, Belgium ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT The International Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs was established under the international convention on the subject signed at Brussels on July 5, 1890. The initiative came from the |