2643, supra note 8, S 3194 (a) (4) (A); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, S 3194 (e) (3) (A); H.R. 5227, supra note 2, § 3194 (3) (1) (A). 381. 5 U.S.C. SS 701 et seq. (1976). The Senate bill states that the Secretary's decision is "a matter solely within the discretion of the Secretary and is not subject to judicial review." S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (a). The previous Senate version differed slightly, in that it provided that the Secretary's decision is "final" rather than "a matter solely within the discretion of the Secretary." See S. 1940, supra note 5, S 3194 (g) (1). The House bill contains no explicit provision for the finality and reviewability of the Secretary's discretion.

382. Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, entered into force, 1 Nov. 1968, 19 U.S.T. 6223, T.I.A.S. No. 6577, 606 U.N.T.S. 267.

383. 8 U.S.C. S 1101. For an in-depth study, see Transnational Legal Problems of Refugees (1982 Michigan Yearbook of Int'l Legal Studies).

384. The Refugee Act provides the following definition of "refugee":

any person who is outside any country of
such person's nationality or, in the case
of a person having no nationality, is
outside any country in which such person
last habitually resided, and who is unable
or unwilling to return to, and is unable
or unwilling to avail himself or herself
of the protection of, that country because
of persecution or a well-founded fear of
persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.

Pub. L. No. 96-212, Title II, § 201(a), codified at 8 U.S.C.

S 1101 (a) (42) (A).

385. Pub. L. No. 96-212, Title II, SS 208 (asylum), 209 (adjustment of status), codified at 8 U.S.C. SS 1158, 1159. See 8 C.F.R. $ 208.10 (procedures for review). The Act specifically states that

the Attorney General shall not deport any
alien . . . to a country if the Attorney
General determines that such alien's life
or freedom would be threatened in such
country on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.

Id. § 203(e), codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1253 (h) (emphasis added]. 386. See note 379 supra.

387.

See M.C. Bassiouni, International Extradition and World Public Order 531-34 (1974). These observations were made by this writer at hearings on S. 1639, H.R. 5227, and H.R. 6046. See Senate Judiciary Hearings on S. 1639, supra note 3, at 20, House Judiciary Hearings on H.R. 5227, supra note 4, at 105-106; House Foreign Affairs Bearings on H.R. 6046, supra note 27.

388.

See S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (a) (3) (B); S. 1940, supra note 5, S 3194 (g) (2); S. 1639, supra note 1, § 3194 (a); H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3194 (e) (4) (B); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, 3194 (e) (3) (B); H.R. 5227, supra note 2,

S 3194 (e) (1) (B).

-389.

See 1 Bassiouni, U.S. International Extradition, supra note 12, at Chap. VII, S 7. See also Neely v. Henkel, 180 U.S. 109 (1901); Argento v. Horn, 241 F.2d 258 (6th Cir.

1957). But see Gallina v. Fraser, 278 F.2d 77 (2d Cir. 1960); Holmes v. Laird, 459 F.2d 1211 (D.C. Cir. 1972); U.S. ex rel. Bloomfield v. Gengler, 507 F.2d 925 (2d Cir. 1974); Peroff v. Hylton, 563 F.2d 1099 (4th Cir. 1977) (rule of non-inquiry may be relaxed in compelling circumstances). The House Judiciary

Report noted that the rule of non-inquiry is "not absolute," and may be relaxed in particularly egregious situations. In support, the Report referred to Gallina v. Fraser. See House Judiciary Report on H.R. 6046, supra note 23, at 20.

390. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217 (III), U.N. Doc. A/810 at 71, 11 December 1948, article 5; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, entered into force, 23 March 1976, G.A. Res. 2200, 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16), 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316, article 7; European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, entered into force, 3 September 1953, 213 U.N.T.S. 222, article 3; American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, O.A.S. Res. XXX, adopted by The Ninth International Conference of American States (30 March 2 May 1948), O.A.S. off. Rec. OEA/Ser. L/V/I.4 Rev. (1965), article XXVIII; American Convention on Human Rights, opened for signature, 22 November 1969, O.A.S. Off. Rec. OEA/Ser. K/XVI/1.1, Doc. 65, Rev. 1, Corr. 1, article 5.

391. See House Foreign Affairs Hearings on H.R. 6046, supra note 27. See also Senate Judiciary Hearings on S. 1639, supra note 3, at 21 (testimony of M. Cherif Bassiouni); House

Judiciary Hearings on H.R. 5227, supra note 4, at 100, 104-105 (testimony of M. Cherif Bassiouni).

392. See 2 Bassiouni, U.S. International Extradition,

supra note 12, at Chap. VIII, S 5.

393. See 18 U.S.c. SS 4107-4108 (1976). The inclusion of a provision regarding conditional surrender was suggested by this writer at hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee on S. 1639. See Senate Judiciary Hearings on S. 1639, supra note 3, at 20 (testimony of M. Cherif Bassiouni). The provision was added by the Senate Judiciary Committee to S. 1940 and S. 220 and was carried over in H.R. 5227 and H.R. 6046. See S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (a) (2); S. 1940, supra note 5, S 3196 (a) (2); H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196(a); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, § 3196(a).

394.

See supra notes 388-90 and accompanying text.

395. See S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196; S. 1940, supra note 5, S 3196; H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196; H.R. 6046, supra note 5, § 3196.

396. S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (a); S. 1940, supra note 5, § 3196 (a); S. 1639, supra note 1, § 3196 (a); H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196 (a); H.R.. 6046, supra note 5, S 3196 (a); H.R. 5227, supra note 2, § 3196(a).

397.

S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (a); S. 1940, supra note 5, § 3196(a); S. 1639, supra note 1, § 3196(a); H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196(a); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, S 3196(a); H.R. 5227, supra note 2, § 3196 (a).

398. S 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (b); S. 1940, supra note 5, § 3196 (b); S. 1639, supra note 1, § 3196 (b); H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196 (b); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, § 3196 (b); H.R. 5227, supra note 2, § 3196 (b). The Secretary of State must also notify the requesting state of the time limitations for removal if the Secretary has determined that extradition is appropriate.

399. H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196 (b); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, § 3196 (b); H.R. 5227, supra note 2, § 3196 (b). The Senate makes no specification of who is to perform the surrender.

400. S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (c) (1); S. 1940, supra note 5, § 3196 (c) (1); S. 1639, supra note 1, § 3196 (c) (1).

401. S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (c) (2); S. 1940, supra note 5, S 3196 (c) (2); S. 1639, supra note 1, § 3196 (c) (2). 402. S. 220, supra note 7, § 3196 (c); S. 1940, supra note 5, $ 3196 (c); S. 1639, supra note 1, § 3196 (c).

403.

S. 220, supra note 7, S 3196 (c); S. 1940, supra note 5, S 3196 (c); S. 1639, supra note 1, S 3196 (c).

404. H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3194 (i); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, § 3194 (i); H.R. 5227, supra note 2, § 3194 (i). 405. H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196 (c)(1); H.R. 6046,

supra note 5, S 3196 (c)(1). In addition, however, it further requires that surrender be performed within thirty days from the court's certification of its transcript if the relator has waived the extradition hearing. H.R. 2643, supra note 8, § 3196 (c) (2); H.R. 6046, supra note 5, § 3196 (c) (2). The