1 Adapted from Brassey's Naval and Shipping Annual, 1920-21, p. 132. The ships sunk at Scapa Flow were eventually raised. All the battleships and battle cruisers were broken up. Of the light cruisers France incorporated the Königsberg (Metz), Regensburg (Strasbourg), Stralsund (Mulhouse), and Kolberg (Colmar) in its fleet, and Italy incorporated the Pillau, Graudenz (Ancona), and Strassburg. France and Italy each retained one flotilla leader. France incorporated eight destroyers and Italy two. Brazil and Poland each received six torpedo boats for police purposes. ARTICLE 188. On the expiration of one month from the coming into force of the present Treaty all German submarines, submarine salvage vessels and docks for submarines, including the tubular dock, must have been handed over to the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. Such of these submarines, vessels and docks as are considered by the said Governments to be fit to proceed under their own power or to be towed shall be taken by the German Government into such Allied ports as have been indicated. The remainder, and also those in course of construction, shall be broken up entirely by the German Government under the supervision of the said Governments. The breaking-up must be completed within three months at the most after the coming into force of the present Treaty. ARTICLE 189. Articles, machinery and material arising from the breaking-up of German warships of all kinds, whether surface vessels or sub marines, may not be used except for purely industrial or commercial purposes. They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries. ARTICLE 190. Germany is forbidden to construct or acquire any warships other than those intended to replace the units in commission provided for in Article 181 of the present Treaty. The warships intended for replacement purposes as above shall not exceed the following displacement: Except where a ship has been lost, units of the different classes shall only be replaced at the end of a period of twenty years in the case of battleships and cruisers, and fifteen years in the case of destroyers and torpedo boats, counting from the launching of the ship. Note to V, 190 In June 1928 Germany laid down the first of its Panzerschiffe, which came to be known as "pocket battleships" because, within the tonnage limit of 10,000 tons, special types of construction such as an electrically welded hull and methods of saving weight enabled the designers to increase the armor and armament to an extent that rendered the striking power comparable to that of a battleship. The first armored ship of the type was launched in 1931. ARTICLE 191. The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even for commercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Germany. Text of May 7: The construction and acquisition of any submarine, even for commercial purposes, shall be forbidden in Germany. ARTICLE 192. The warships in commission of the German fleet must have on board or in reserve only the allowance of arms, munitions and war material fixed by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. Text of May 7: The warships in commission of the German fleet must only have on board or in reserve the allowance of arms, munitions and war material fixed by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. Within a month from the fixing of the quantities as above, arms, munitions and war material of all kinds, including mines and torpedoes, now in the hands of the German Government and in excess of the said quantities, shall be surrendered to the Governments of the said Powers at places to be indicated by them. Such arms, munitions and war material will be destroyed or rendered useless. All other stocks, depots or reserves of arms, munitions or naval war material of all kinds are forbidden. The manufacture of these articles in German territory for, and their export to, foreign countries shall be forbidden. Text of May 7: The manufacture in German territory and the export of these articles to foreign countries shall be forbidden. ARTICLE 193. On the coming into force of the present Treaty Germany will forthwith sweep up the mines in the following areas in the North Sea to the eastward of longitude 4°00′ E. of Greenwich: (1) Between parallels of latitude 53°00′ N. and 59°00' N.; (2) To the northward of latitude 60°30' N. Germany must keep these areas free from mines. Germany must also sweep and keep free from mines such areas in the Baltic as may ultimately be notified by the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. ARTICLE 194. The personnel of the German Navy shall be recruited entirely by voluntary engagements entered into for a minimum period of twenty-five consecutive years for officers and warrant officers; twelve consecutive years for petty officers and men. The number engaged to replace those discharged for any reason before the expiration of their term of service must not exceed five per cent. per annum of the totals laid down in this Section (Article 183). The personnel discharged from the Navy must not receive any kind of naval or military training or undertake any further service in the Navy or Army. Officers belonging to the German Navy and not demobilised must engage to serve till the age of forty-five, unless discharged for sufficient reasons. No officer or man of the German mercantile marine shall receive any training in the Navy. ARTICLE 195. In order to ensure free passage into the Baltic to all nations, Germany shall not erect any fortifications in the area comprised between latitudes 55°27′ N. and 54°00' N. and longitudes 9°00′ E. and 16°00' E. of the meridian of Greenwich, nor instal any guns commanding the maritime routes between the North Sea and the Baltic. The fortifications now existing in this area shall be demolished and the guns removed under the supervision of the Allied Governments and in periods to be fixed by them. The German Government shall place at the disposal of the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers all hydrographical information now in its possession concerning the channels and adjoining waters between the Baltic and the North Sea. ARTICLE 196. All fortified works and fortifications, other than those mentioned in Section XIII (Heligoland) of Part III (Political Clauses for Europe) and in Article 195, now established within fifty kilometres of the German coast or on German islands off that coast shall be considered as of a defensive nature and may remain in their existing condition. No new fortifications shall be constructed within these limits. The armament of these defences shall not exceed, as regards the number and calibre of guns, those in position at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty. The German Government shall communicate forthwith particulars thereof to all the European Governments. On the expiration of a period of two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the stocks of ammunition for these guns shall be reduced to and maintained at a maximum figure of fifteen hundred rounds per piece for calibres of 4.1-inch and under, and five hundred rounds per piece for higher calibres. Note to V, 196 An arrangement between the German, Finnish, and Swedish Governments concerning the demolition of fortifications on the Aaland Note to V, 196—Continued Islands and other military installations was signed at Stockholm on December 30, 1918 and in force March 28, 1919 (113 British and Foreign State Papers, p. 993). For a description of the line of the permitted fortifications, see note to article 180. ARTICLE 197. During the three months following the coming into force of the present Treaty the German high-power wireless telegraphy stations at Nauen, Hanover and Berlin shall not be used for the transmission of messages concerning naval, military or political questions of interest to Germany or any State which has been allied to Germany in the war, without the assent of the Governments of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers. These stations may be used for commercial purposes, but only under the supervision of the said Governments, who will decide the wave-length to be used. During the same period Germany shall not build any more highpower wireless telegraphy stations in her own territory or that of Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria or Turkey. SECTION III.—Air Clauses. ARTICLE 198. The armed forces of Germany must not include any military or naval air forces. Germany may, during a period not extending beyond October 1, 1919, maintain a maximum number of one hundred seaplanes or flying boats, which shall be exclusively employed in searching for submarine mines, shall be furnished with the necessary equipment for this purpose, and shall in no case carry arms, munitions or bombs of any nature whatever. In addition to the engines installed in the seaplanes or flying boats above mentioned, one spare engine may be provided for each engine of each of these craft. No dirigible shall be kept. Note to V, 198 Germany was ready to submit to any limitation of aerial navigation to which all members of the League of Nations were subjected (Foreign Relations, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vi, 821). The |