Colonel Parker is chief engineer and will cover the physical characteristics of the river, the building of the dams, the operation of the various departments under him, and with him will appear, and they are now in court, Mr. Woodward, who is particularly the authority on flood control, and although flood control comes under Colonel Parker's general jurisdiction, Mr. Woodward is the man who will testify with respect to that. So will Mr. Alldredge testify with respect to navigation. I thought that very brief outline might be helpful.

Chairman DONAHEY. Do you wish to have your assistant with

you?

Colonel PARKER. He is coming, sir.

Chairman DONAHEY. You may ask the witness.

Mr. BIDDLE. Colonel Parker, I think you might describe your office with the T. V. A. in an introductory way, and what its duties are, and proceed in a general summary of your testimony. I would like also for you to speak briefly of your qualifications for the office, and so on. Colonel PARKER. My name is Theodore B. Parker. I am 49 years old, a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the class of 1911. I am also a graduate of the United States Engineers School.

I have been occupied mostly as a hydraulic engineer. I have been employed for 6 years by the Electric Bond & Share Co., for 11 years by Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, and for 9 years by various departments of the United States Government, about half of which time was as an officer in the Corps of Engineers. I have been occupied mainly in the design and construction of hydraulic structures, such as dams, hydroelectric plants and the appurtenances thereto.

Mr. BIDDLE. Will you refer to some of them?

Colonel PARKER. A partial list of these would include the develop ments on the Bear River in Idaho, and in Utah, including Grace Cove, Oneida, and other plants, a couple of plants for Henry Ford, one of which was near Minneapolis on the Mississippi River, another one was near Iron Mountain, Michigan.

I mean to say these are developments which I was concerned with. I don't mean to say I was responsible for them at the time.

The Conowingo Development in Maryland, the Osage River Development in Missouri, the Bartlett's Ferry Development in Georgia and Alabama, the development on the Baker River in Washington, and the hydroelectric development on the Columbia River at Rock Island in Washington. I was entirely responsible for the design of the Bartlett's Ferry Development and the Rock Island Development.

A very important and to me interesting part of my work has been certain investigations which I made from time to time for various operating companies, operating power companies. These investigations largely consisted of trying to find what the next proper step was in the development of their construction programs.

A company which had a growing power load required some advice as to the next step they should take in a construction program and stood as a client, using the services of my firm, through myself, to determine its next step.

115943-39-pt. 11- -11

Such clients included the Puget Sound Power & Light Co., the Nebraska Power & Light Co., the Utah Power & Light Co., the Columbus Electric & Power Co. in Georgia, the Virginia Electric Power Co., the Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. They are all I can recollect at present.

Mr. BIDDLE. That will do.

Colonel PARKER. I am emphasizing that phase of the work, as it bears a certain relation to what we are doing in the Tennessee Valley. They were, to be sure, power systems, single-purpose power systems, but in every case there was a relationship between a river and the load to be served, the relationship between a large number of plants, and in a number of cases we were able to make very profitable combinations by utilizing the diversity factors and the different aspects of different power sites.

Before coming to the T. V. A., I was employed by the Public Works Administration as State engineer, and acting State director in Massachusetts for a couple of years. In that capacity I supervised I suppose 40 or 50 million dollars' worth of work for the P. W. A.

I came to the Authority on November 16, 1935, as chief construction engineer, and acted in that capacity until May 1, 1938, when I was made chief engineer, with entire charge of the engineering departments.

I should like very much as a preliminary to this examination to make a very brief statement in regard to what appear to me to be the principal aspects of this thing. I have written part of it and I hope you will excuse me if I refer to my notes as a starter. This is very brief, I assure you.

BASIC ADVANTAGES OF MULTIPLE-PURPOSE DEVELOPMENT

The development of the Tennessee River is concerned with no one single purpose. There are at least four major ends which may be served, including the development of navigation and power on the Tennessee River and the control of destructive floods in the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers. The physical characteristics of the Tennessee River system are well adapted to providing some or all of these several purposes in single multipurpose structures. The availability of the sites of sufficient capacity, the sharp delimitation of the wet or dry seasons, and other factors contribute to the feasibility of this type of development. All of the projects of the Authority have been designed to combine several functions of each project, in that all of the projects are operated together as a single system serving the multiple purposes.

In our view this type of multipurpose project provides the only economically sound means of developing the Tennessee River system even for navigation and flood control alone. This type of project provides the cheapest and most effective navigation, and flood control, and at the same time is the only type which will avoid the waste of power resources of the river, in accordance with principles of conservation and sound engineering standards which have gained general acceptance during the last three decades.

The essential basis for the very real economies which are realized to the T. V. A. program, lies in the multipurpose nature of the enter

prise. From the single system of dams and reservoirs, there are being realized three separate and distinct objectives, navigation, flood control, and power. The total cost of these three systems as constructed is materially less than the total cost of producing equivalent results by the construction of separate navigation and flood control and power systems.

We talk a good deal about multiple purposes, but it is really the basis of what we expect to realize in the valley in a real economy. We are attempting to supply these various functions by means of a single set of structures.

Now, you are all familiar with the profits which accrue to a commercial establishment from the manufacture of a number of products from a single material. We are familiar with what a packer does with one single beef "critter." His profits are usually from his by products. I won't call them our profits, but our economy is from this multiple purpose effort.

The advantages of multipurpose development, unified and designed in operation, cannot be overemphasized. In the return for expenditures of public money, properties have been secured which could not be reproduced separately except at a cost far in excess of the total expenditures made or to be made by the Tennessee Valley Authority. It is desirable that a proper share of the total expenditures for navigation, flood control, and power production be charged to each function in order to obtain a measure of the economy of the enterprise. For this purpose an allocation of the investment in the three projects in operation throughout the latest fiscal year has been prepared by the Authority and approved by the President and transmitted to Congress.

I expect we will have to talk a great deal more about that allocation later. The thing I would like to emphasize now is that this allocation is not an end in itself; it simply is a means of presenting an appraisal of the results of our enterprise.

The total cost of providing the equivalent benefits for navigation, flood control, and power by separate systems of projects for each of our three initial developments, that is Norris, Wilson, and Wheeler, was about $160,000,000.

That is if we had developed a separate power system, if we had developed a separate navigation system, and a separate flood-control system, the whole thing would have cost $160,000,000. The actual cost has been $94,000,000.

Now, we will develop those things further and in more detail, but I would like to submit that that is a real measure of what we are doing, and I hope that in the details that we will get into of our various engineering operations we won't lose sight of the fact that it is possible to achieve that kind of an economy if we can succeed in securing our three objectives by means of a single system, and doing it economically. We hope to demonstrate that we have done it economically.

I think that that concludes the general statement that I want to make, and I would be glad to submit to any examination you wish.

ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL OF ENGINEERING STAFF

Mr. BIDDLE. Colonel Parker, you proceed any way you want to. As the head of your department I should think one of the first things

we would want to know is the organization of your department, how it is divided into subdepartments or divisions, the names of the persons who are operating them, the functional part of the department, and matters of that kind.

I should think you also would want to tell the committee about the construction of the dams-describe the dam system as a whole. I don't want to indicate any particular way that you do this. I leave that to you.

Colonel PARKER. I have here a chart. Is that chart visible to you, sir?

Mr. BIDDLE. Is this shown on one of your exhibits?

Colonel PARKER. This is an exhibit I believe, No. 1, in the book which has been prepared.

Mr. BIDDLE. Is this book a book of all your exhibits, or of many of your exhibits in one book, or what is it?

Colonel PARKER. This contains an index of all the exhibits and contains all but about four exhibits.

Mr. BIDDLE. All but about four exhibits. Let us now mark this as "Exhibit No. 494."

(Whereupon the document above referred to was received in evidence and marked "Exhibit No. 494.")

Colonel PARKER. This is an organization chart indicating the organization of the so-called departments for water control in the river channel.

Mr. BIDDLE. That is found on page 1 of your book of exhibits, this organization chart, is it not?

Colonel PARKER. Yes, sir.

Mr. BIDDLE. Go right ahead.

Colonel PARKER. These departments are essentially our engineering and construction departments. They include the water control planning department, the design department, and the construction department.

The water control planning department, under the direction of Mr. Sherman M. Woodward, who will appear here later, has as its function the general planning for the entire water control enterprise. It makes the over-all and general skeleton upon which the detailed designs are later developed. It secures the basic data which is used in planning, and it uses this basic data in making general plans for the projects on the river.

In order to secure this basic data, it has three divisions, the Hydraulic Data Division, the Maps and Surveys Division, and the Geologic Division.

Representative WOLVERTON. Is that exhibit in this book?
Mr. BIDDLE. That is the first page in your book.
Colonel PARKER. That is the first page; yes, sir.

Mr. BIDDLE. And the Project Planning Division?

Colonel PARKER. The Hydraulic Data Division makes records on the stream flow and precipitation measurements in cooperation with other Government agencies, makes river stage forecasts, stream investigations, spring measurements, evaporation measurements, and in general secures all of the information as regards the available water supply in the valley.

It maintains a hydraulic laboratory in which are made the technical experiments upon which our structural designs are based.

The Maps and Surveys Division performs surveying and mapping and prepares precise land descriptions for land acquisitions.

The Geologic Division investigates dam sites and examines mineral claims on lands to be acquired by the Authority.

Mr. BIDDLE. That is our old friend Major Eckel, isn't it?
Colonel PARKER. That is under the direction of Major Eckel.

I should say this Division [indicating] is under the direction of Mr. Ned H. Sayford; the Hydraulic Division is under the direction of Mr. A. S. Fry.

The Project Planning Division utilizes the data which is gathered by the three divisions and develops definite plans for the dam and the appurtenant works.

The personnel of this Planning Department includes about 400 engineers and geologists and about 40 clerical assistants. About 200 of these are located in Knoxville, while about 240 are based in Chattanooga, a more convenient location for the mapping and surveying personnel.

Mr. BIDDLE. Before we get to the next exhibit

Colonel PARKER. I should like to take up this first.

Mr. BIDDLE. Are you coming back to the flood-control section and the river-control section?

Colonel PARKER. Yes, sir.

Mr. BIDDLE. All right. Is what you have there on the board now found in these exhibits?

Colonel PARKER. That is shown as an exhibit.

Mr. BIDDLE. Where is it?

Colonel PARKER. It is shown as exhibit 2.

Mr. BIDDLE. The next one immediately under the office chart is this enlarged plan, somewhat smaller scale.

Colonel PARKER. I show this at this time to indicate the scope of the activities of the Planning Department, which were necessarily extended all over the valley initially, and which have been carried on, from that time up and down the main stem of the Tennessee River and upon all of its tributaries.

Mr. BIDDLE. The committee has this book of exhibits, Colonel Parker, and can look at them. Would you like to indicate the dams on that exhibit now, or would you like to come to that later?

Colonel PARKER. I think I will wait, if you don't mind.
Mr. BIDDLE. All right.

Colonel PARKER. The Design Department, as its name indicates is responsible for the design of structures to be constructed by the Authority. It is expected to design, within the general pattern, and according to the hydraulic requirements of the Water Control Planning Department. This department is under the supervision of Mr. Barton M. Jones, Acting Chief Design Engineer.

In supervising the work of this department, the chief design engineer is charged with preparing technical designs and specifications for water control and related structures, coordinating them with the practical requirements of construction, maintaining proper standards of examination for materials and equipment, in cooperation with other de