This stream upon which the Two Kettle band of Indians lived has been variously known as the Teton, Little Missouri and Bad River. Lewis and Clarke named it Teton, the name of the Dakota Sioux (Teton or Tetonwan), whom they met at its mouth. The Indians themselves called it Napka (river) Shicha (bad), or Bad River, the name by which it is now commonly known. It empties into the Missouri at the site of Fort Pierre, S. D. Teton is still the official name. I have thought it proper, when making mention of it in the notes to the author's text, to use the government name.

19 Early Trading Posts on the Upper Missouri-There was, without doubt, much independent trading and several posts established for the purpose of trade among the Indian tribes of the upper Missouri prior to the time indicated by the author. Captains Lewis and Clarke, when on the exploring tour of the Missouri in 1804, found at least three trading posts that were then, or had been, in active operation. One of these, and probably the oldest of them, was built and occupied by the Indian traders from St. Louis, as early as 1796. Much earlier than this date independent traders had found their way to the home of the Arickaras, one of whom, it appears, had remained with this tribe continuously since about the year 1784. The traders from St. Louis and the lower country and those from the Hudson Bay and Northwest companys had met in their wanderings, north and south, a number of years before the expedition of Lewis and Clarke, probably with regularity as early as 1793. (For further information, see note 11.)

20 Manuel Lisa-Manuel Lisa, a Spaniard, became a resident of St. Louis a few years prior to the transfer of Louisiana Territory to the United States. His sole occupation during an active life was trading with the Indians. In his chosen calling he was considered one of the most enterprising representatives of his time. As early as 1802 he, with two or three companions, pushed his way far into the Indian country. In the spring of 1807, Lisa and one George Drouillard, who crossed the mountains with Lewis and Clarke, made a trading tour from St. Louis to the Indian tribes on the upper Missouri, taking with them $16,000 worth of goods. These fearless traders, on this journey, went as far as the mouth of the Big Horn River, and in the fall of 1807 built a post there, which they named Fort Manuel. Lisa was one of the chief directors of the St. Louis (Mo.) Fur Company, and of the Missouri Fur Company. During this early period he made annual journeys to the posts of these companies as far as the headwaters of the Missouri. In 1814 he was appointed sub-Indian agent under Governor Clarke, and in 1815, at the instance of the latter, he visited the different tribes of Indians on the upper Missouri for the purpose of inducing them to return with him to St. Louis and meet Governor Clarke in council. Without doubt the efforts of Lisa had much to do with the friendly feeling entertained by the upper Missouri Indians for the United States, then at war with England. Lisa's influence among these Indians at

this period semed more conspicuous since their neighbors and kinsmen, the Sioux of the Mississippi, almost unanimously sided with the English and many of them did active service in the English army. During this trip Lisa held a council with the Yanktons at the mouth of the James River, at which about nine hundred warriors were present. Forty-six chiefs of the upper Missouri tribes accompanied him to St. Louis, arriving there in 1816. A council was held with Governor Clarke, at which interchanges of presents were made and treaties of friendship

consummated.

Lisa made St. Louis his continuous headquarters and residence, and died at that place in 1820. (See also note 19.)

21 First Trading Companies to Establish Posts on the Missouri-The first tour of Manuel Lisa up the Missouri for an incorporated fur company was in 1809, instead of 1814. The St. Louis (Mo.) Fur Company was organized early in 1808 by Governor William Clarke, Manuel Lisa, Sylvestre Labadie and others of St. Louis. Within two years, with Lisa at its head as the active projector, this company established trading posts at different points along the upper Missouri and its confluents, and pushing beyond the Rockies founded one post on the headwaters of the Columbia. Lisa, in person, led the band of attaches and superintended the establishment of these posts. In 1812 the Missouri Fur Company was organized and the St. Louis (Mo.) Fur Company merged into it. The Missouri Fur Company was reorganized in 1819. Subsequently many of the projectors entered the American Fur Company with John J. Astor.

22Tahama-"The Rising Moose" (The One-Eyed Sioux)-Tahama, which in the Siouan tongue means "The Rising Moose," was a famous chief of the Mdewakantonwan band of the Sioux, who lived in the region of Blue Earth and Mille Lacs in Minnesota. In the early part and beyond the middle of the last century he was one of the chief men of his people. Throughout his long life he seems to have maintained an excellent reputation for honesty. In childhood, while at play, he sustained the loss of an eye. The French named him "Le Borgne," or "One Eye," and by the English he was known as "the One-Eyed Sioux." He was said to have been the only Sioux Indian, with one exception, whose sympathies were with the Americans and who did active service for them during the war of 1812. In this crisis, when Joseph Renville and the old Little Crow led their Sioux followers against the United States forces, Tahama refused to join them. At this period he made his way to St. Louis, and at the solicitation of General Clarke, then Indian commissioner, he entered the service of the United States as a scout and messenger. As the author states, he returned in 1814 with Manuel Lisa, when the latter was on his way to confer with the Missouri River Indians, and parting with him at the mouth of the James River, carried dispatches to the Americans at Prairie du Chien. Through many privations and discouragements he remained loyal to the United

States and faithfully performed the duties assigned him. In after years it was his boast that he was the only "American Sioux," and history credits him with this distinction. (See Minn. Hist. Col., Vol. III, p. 150.) Without doubt, in so far as the Mississippi Sioux are concerned, this statement is correct, but it cannot apply to the western branches of the family, for the Sioux of the Missouri were friendly to the Americans. While on one of his trips to Prairie du Chien, Tahama was imprisoned by Colonel Robert Dickson, an Indian trader and at that time an officer in the service of the British, who, under threat of death, attempted to compel him to divulge some information relative to the Americans; but Tahama would not yield. After a term of imprisonment he was released and again visited St. Louis in 1816. On this visit he was present at the council held by General Clarke with the forty-six chiefs from the upper Missouri, who had returned with Manuel Lisa. On this occasion General Clarke presented him with a medal of honor and a captain's uniform, and commissioned him chief of the Sioux nation He is said to have been a man of fine physique, much natural dignity, and an orator of unusual ability. General Pike, for whom Tahama had formed a genuine attachment, addressed him as "my friend." Until his death, which occurred in April, 1860, at the advanced age of 85, he was much respected, not only by the whites, but by his own people. His birthplace was Prairie A' l' Aile, or the site of the present city of Winona, Minnesota.

Pierre Chouteau, Jr.-Pierre Chouteau, Jr., born in 1789, was the son of Pierre Chouteau, one of the earliest citizens of St. Louis, Missouri, and one of the best known and more successful of the fur traders who operated from that point along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. In 1804 the elder Chouteau withdrew from the Indian trade and soon thereafter his son, the subject of this sketch, took up his work. Pierre Chouteau, Jr., embarked on his first voyage to the Indian country in 1807. The following winter he spent among the Osages. In the spring of 1808 he returned to St. Louis. Meeting with Dubuque, who was then carrying on an extensive trade on the Mississippi river, he engaged with him to go to his principal post on the Mississippi. This was at or near the present site of the city of Dubuque, Iowa. Chouteau remained at this post until 1819, when he returned to St. Louis and formed a partnership with Berthold for operating a general store and to engage in trade with the Indians. To Chouteau was intrusted the management of the Indian trade. With much skill and energy he extended his acquaintance among the Indians, and soon the posts of the company were operating at different points along the Missouri and tributaries. Chouteau and his attaches, with boats loaded with goods, would leave St. Louis in the early spring, and often many months would pass before their return. In 1827 he entered the American Fur Company as a partner with John Jacob Astor, of New York, and soon thereafter became the manager of the company. The palmy days of