...proportionality, codified in Articles 5l and 57 of the Protocol.31 Proportionality enjoins attacks which "may be expected to cause incidental loss of...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated".32 As with Article 48, terminological imprecision, specifically as to the phrase "concrete...

...or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects; and (b) an attack which may be expected to cause incidental loss of...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated." These detailed provisions implement to a certain extent the suggestions of the Commission...

...specifying that those who plan or decide upon an attack shall "refrain from deciding to launch any attack which may be expected to cause incidental loss of...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated." Additional provisions require all feasible precautions to avoid injury to civilians and...

...employs a method or means of delivery which cannot be directed at a specific military objective; or c) may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilian*, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation...

...Conventions, which was signed on June 12, 1977. Article 51 of the Protocol prohibits indiscriminate attacks, 'which may be expected to cause incidental loss of...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated." Indiscrimate effects are determined on the basis of whether a weapon could be directed...

...apparent that the objective is not a military one or is subject to special protection or that the attack may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated; Article 57 is an important element in the general framework for the effective protection...

...for the formulation of this element. This provision defines what "excessive loss" means, namely an incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians,...combination thereof which would be excessive in relation to concrete and direct military advantage anticipated". This rule of proportionality 12 is applicable...

...injury to civilians and damage to civilian objects; (iii) refrain from deciding to launch any attack which may be expected to cause incidental loss of...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated; (b) an attack shall be cancelled or suspended if it becomes apparent that the objective...

...or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects; and (b) an attack which may be expected to cause incidental loss of...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. 6. Attacks against the civilian population or civilians by way of reprisals are prohibited....

...or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects; and (b) an attack which may be expected to cause incidental loss of...relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. 6. Attacks against the civilian population or civilians by way of reprisals are prohibited.15...