REFERENCES

1. Gas Utility and Pipeline Industry Projections, 1966-1975 and 1980. Bureau of Statistics, American Gas Association, Inc. Supplement to AGA Monthly, October 1966.

2. The Underground Storage of Gas in the United States and Canada, (December 1965) Fifteenth Annual Report on Statistics, Committee on Underground Storage, American Gas Association, Inc.

3. C. Boardman and J. Toman: "Use of Nuclear Explosive Devices for Development of Underground Gas Storage Caverns" (May 1966) A. G. A. Transmission Conference.

4. P. A. Witherspoon: "Economics of Nuclear Explosives in Developing Underground Gas Storage" (July 1966), UCRL-14877, for Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California.

5. C. R. Gerber, R. Hamburger, E. W. Seabrook Hull: "Plowshare" (March 1966) one of a series on Understanding the Atom.

6. El Paso Natural Gas Company, United States Atomic Energy Commission, United States Bureau of Mines, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory: "Project Gasbuggy," PNE-1000, a feasibility study.

7. C. H. Atkinson, D. C. Ward (USBM): "How Nuclear Explosions Can Boost Gas Storage Capacity" (August 1966) The Oil and Gas Journal.

8. C. R. Boardman and J. Skrove: "Distribution in Fracture Permeability of a Granitic Rock Mass Following a Contained Nuclear Explosion" Journal of Petroleum Technology (May 1966).

9. C. R. Boardman, D. D. Rabb, and R. D. McArthur: "Contained Nuclear Detonations in Four Media-Geological Factors in Cavity and Chimney Formation" (April 1964) in Proceedings of the Third Plowshare Symposium, TID-7695.

10. D. Rawson, P. Randolph, C. Boardman, and V. Wheeler: "Post-Explosion Environment Resulting from the Salmon Event" (1966) Journal of Geophysical Research.

11. C. R. Boardman, G. L. Meyer, D. D. Rabb: "Macrodeformation Resulting from the Handcar Event" (December 1966) UCRL-50149, for Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California.

12. S. M. Hansen, D. B. Lombard: "Completely Contained Nuclear Explosives for Mining by Caving" (April 1964) in Proceedings of the Third Plowshare Symposium, TID-7695.

13. W. J. Frank: "Characteristics of Nuclear Explosives" (April 1964) in Proceedings of the Third Plowshare Symposium, TID-7695.

14. Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation: "Report on Gas Storage at the Point of Use" (October 1965) for American Gas Association, Inc.

15. Addison S. Cate: "Subsurface Structure of the Plateau Region of North Central and Western Pennsylvania on Top of the Oriskany Formation" (1962) Pa. Geol. Survey, 4th Series.

16. S. W. Lohman: "Ground Water in South-Central Pennsylvania" (1938) Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th Series, Bulletin W5.

17. John R. Ebright: "The Hyner and Ferney Anticlines and Adjacent Areas, Centre, Clinton and Lycoming Counties, Pennsylvania." (1952) Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th Series, Bulletin M35.

GLOSSARY

AECU. S. Atomic Energy Commission

ALLUVIUM STATION - an instrument station located on alluvium soil.

CHIMNEY - A column of broken rock formed by collapse of the ceiling of a cavity created by an underground nuclear explosion.

COMMODITY COST - The portion of gas costs that reflects primarily purchase and gas production costs. It depends on the amount of gas purchased.

CONTRACT DEMAND COST - The portion of gas costs that reflects the major portion of investment and operating expenses. It depends basically upon the maximum daily throughput of gas contracted for over a given period.

CURIE - (Symbol Ci) The basic unit to describe the amount of radioactivity in a sample of material. The curie is defined as the quantity of any radioactive material giving 37 billion disintegrations per second, which is approximately the rate of decay of 1 gram of radium 226. (Named for Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered radium in 1898).

Gas retained in storage indefinitely to provide expulsive energy. Normally this gas is

DECAY, RADIOACTIVE

The spontaneous transformation of one nuclide into a different nuclide or into a different energy state of the same nuclide. The process results in a decrease, with time, of the number of the original radioactive atoms in a sample.

DEGREE DAY – The number of degrees in a day that the mean temperature is less than 65° F. If the me an temperature exceeds 65° F that day is said to have zero degree days.

FALLOUT Radioactive debris that settles to the surface of the earth following a nuclear explosion that is not wholly contained underground.

FISSION

The splitting of a heavy "nucleus" into two approximately equal parts (which are nuclei of lighter elements), accompanied by the release of a relatively large amount of energy and generally one or more neutrons. Fission can occur spontaneously, but usually is caused by nuclear absorption of gamma rays, neutrons or other particles.

FUSION The formation of a heavier "nucleus" from two lighter ones (such as hydrogen isotopes), with the attendant release of energy (as in a "hydrogen bomb'').

FY - Fiscal Year

GASBUGGY PROJECT - Plowshare experiment in northwestern New Mexico to stimulate natural gas production using a contained underground nuclear explosion to produce a chimney and fracture rock in a formation of low permeability.

GAS STIMULATION WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS

Concept of using a deeply buried contained nuclear explosion to produce a chimney and fracture tight rock formations containing natural gas so that the gas can flow more freely into wells for recovery.

GAS STORAGE WITH NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS - - Concept of using a deeply buried contained nuclear explosion to create an underground reservoir which can be used to store or dispose of gas.

A transient motion imparted to the ground at a specified location by an explosion.

The energy of a nuclear explosive that would release the same amount of energy

LITHOSTATIC PRESSURE - The pressure exerted by the overlying rock at a given depth.
LRL- The Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, California.

MAXIMUM DAY DELIVERABILITY

period when it is full of gas.

The amount of gas a storage field is capable of producing in a 24-hour

MCF 1,000 standard cubic feet of gas 60° F. temperature.

MILLI - A prefix that divides a basic unit by one thousand.

MPC

(Maximum Permissible Concentration) The Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) for any radioisotope is the average concentration which is not expected to result in a radioactive dose greater than the Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) recommended by the ICRP and the NCRP for a radiation worker. MPD-Maximum Permissible Dose.

NAS NRC - The National Academy of Sciences

National Research Council
NCRP - The National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement.
NTS Nevada Test Site, AEC.

NUCLIDE

A general term applicable to all atomic forms of the elements.

NVOO - Nevada Operations Office, AEC.

PEAK DAY DELIVERABILITY - The amount of gas a storage field is capable of producing in a 24-hour period at a specified date during the year.

PICO

A prefix that divides a basic unit by one trillion (1012) abbreviated p (i.e. pCi means picocurie).

PLOWSHARE The Atomic Energy Commission program of research and development on peaceful uses for nuclear explosives. Possible uses include largescale excavation, such as for canals and harbors, crushing ore bodies, and producing heavy transuranic isotopes. The term is based on a Biblical reference: Isaiah 2:4.

RADIATION FIELD (fallout field) - An area upon which radioactive debris is deposited

RADIATION PROTECTION GUIDE (RPG) The radiation dose which should not be exceeded without careful consideration of the reasons for doing so; every effort should be made to encourage the maintenance of radiation doses as far below this guide as practicable.

RADIOACTIVITY - The spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus, usually accompanied by the emission of ionizing radiation. (Often shortened to "activity.")

RADIONUCLIDE (or radioisotope) – An unstable isotope of an element that decays spontaneously, emitting radiation

RAD - A basic unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation; one rad is equal to the absorption of 100 ergs. of radiation energy per gram of matter.

98 179 O-68-15

REM - Roentgen equivalent man. A unit of absorbed radiation dose in biological matter; it is equal to the absorbed dose in rads multiplied by the relative biological effectiveness of the radiation.

RESTRICTED AREA - An area to which access is controlled for the purpose of protecting individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials.

ROENTGEN

(Abbreviation R) – A unit of exposure to "ionizing radiation." It is that amount of gamma or X rays required to produce ions carrying 1 electrostatic unit of electrical charge (either positive or negative) in 1 cubic centimeter of dry air under standard conditions. Named after Wilhelm Roentgen, German scientist who discovered X rays in 1895.

SAN San Francisco Operations Office at the United States Atomic Energy Commission.

A transient pressure at a specified location caused by passage of a shock wave from

STP Standard Temperature (0°C) and pressure (1 atmosphere).

SURFACE GROUND ZERO (SGZ) – The point on the surface of land or water vertically below or above the center of a burst of a nuclear explosion.

THERMONUCLEAR (TN) REACTION - A reaction in which very high temperatures bring about the fusion of two light nuclei to form the nucleus of a heavier atom, releasing a large amount of energy.

TRITIUM A radioactive isotope of hydrogen; atomic weight equals three.

TURNOVER

The amount of gas produced from storage in a withdrawal season percentage of the total gas in storage.

generally expressed as a