est Ecclesia, O Ecclesia Romana! extra quem non est salus. They gone, and I alone all this night, was I instant with my God, imporing his grace to rectify my thoughts, illuminate my understanding, confirm my confidence, beatific my memory, to sanctify my knowledge, to expel the servile fear of death, and to save my soul from the entangling corruption of any private ends, illusions, or mundane respects whatsoever.

The next morning, the three ecclesiastics returned, and being placed with chairs and candles, the inquisitor made interrogation of what difficulties, errors, or misbelief I had to whom ingenuously I answered I had none, neither any difficulty, error, or misbelief; but was confident in the promises of Jesus Christ, and assuredly believed his revealed will in the Gospel, professed in the Reformed Catholic Church; which being confirmed by grace, I had the infallible assurance in my soul, of the true Christian faith.

To these words he answered, Thou art no Christian, but an absurd heretic, and without conversion a member of perdition: whereupon I replied, Reverend Sir, the nature of charity and religion do not consist in opprobrious speeches; wherefore if you would convert me, as you say, convince me by argument: if not, all your threatenings of fire, death, nor torments, shall make me shrink from the truth of God's word in sacred Scriptures. Whereupon the mad inquisitor clapped me on the face with his foot, abusing me with many railings, and, if the Jesuits had not intercepted him, he had stabbed me with a knife; where, when dismissed, I never saw him more.

164.-A DESCRIPTION OF THE MOST NOBLE CITY OF

LONDON.

FITZ STEPHEN.

[WILLIAM STEPHANIDES, or Fitz Stephen, a monk of Canterbury, was born in London; lived in the reigns of King Stephen, Henry the Second, and Richard the First; and died in 1191. He wrote a description of his native city in Latin. Stow, the antiquary, printed this very curious tract, with a transla

tion, in his Survey of London ;" and it has since been reprinted several times. The translation which we give is more modern than that of Stow; and we take it from a very elegant and accurate edition of the Survey, edited by Mr. Thoms, the learned and accomplished secretary of the Camden Society. There are few things of antiquarian value more curious than this picture of London and its manners, written more than six centuries and a half ago.]

Amongst the noble and celebrated cities of the world, that of London, the capital of the kingdom of England, is one of the most renowned, possessing above all others, abundant wealth, extensive commerce, great grandeur and magnificence. It is happy in the salubrity of its climate, in the profession of the Christian religion, in the strength of its fortresses, the nature of its situation, the honor of its citizens, and the chastity of its matrons in its sports too it is most pleasant, and in the production of illustrious men most fortunate. All which things I wish separately to

consider.

Of the Mildness of the Climate.—There then

"Men's minds are soft'ned by a temp'rate clime;"

not so, however, that they are addicted to licentiousness, but so that they are not savage and brutal, but rather kind and generous.

Of the Religion.-There is in St. Paul's Church an episcopal see it was formerly metropolitan, and, it is thought, will be so again, should the citizens return to the island; unless, perhaps, the archiepiscopal title of St. Thomas, and his bodily presence there, should always retain that dignity at Canterbury, where it now is. But as St. Thomas has ennobled both these cities, London by his birth, and Canterbury by his death, each of them with respect to the saint, has much to allege against the other, and with justice too. As regards Divine worship, there are also in London and in the suburbs thirteen larger conventual churches, besides one hundred and thirty-six lesser parochial ones.

Of the Strength of the City. On the east stands the Palatine Tower, a fortress of great size and strength, the court and walls of which are erected upon a very deep foundation, the mortar used in the building being tempered with the blood of beasts. On the west are two castles strongly fortified. The wall of the

city is high and thick, with seven double gates, having on the north side towers placed at proper intervals. London formerly had walls and towers in like manner on the south; but that most excellent river, the Thames, which abounds with fish, and in which the tide ebbs and flows, runs on that side, and has in a long space of time washed down, undermined, and subverted the walls in that part. On the west also, higher up on the bank of the river, the royal palace rears its head, an incomparable structure, furnished with a breast work and bastions, situated in a populous suburb, at a distance of two miles from the city.

Of the Gardens.-Adjoining to the houses on all sides lie the gardens of those citizens that dwell in the suburbs, which are well furnished with trees, spacious and beautiful.

Of the Pasture and Tillage-lands.—On the north side, too, are fields for pasture, and a delightful plain of meadow land, interspersed with flowing streams, on which stand mills, whose clack is very pleasing to the ear. Close by lies an immense forest, in which are densely wooded thickets, the coverts of game, stags, fallow-deer, boars, and wild bulls. The tillage lands of the city are not barren gravelly soils, but like the fertile plains of Asia, which produce abundant crops, and fill the barns of their cultivators with

"Ceres' plenteous sheaf."

Of the Springs.-There are also round London, on the northern side, in the suburbs, excellent springs; the water of which is sweet, clear, and salubrious—

"'Mid glistening pebbles gliding playfully;"

amongst which, Holywell, Clerkenwell, and St. Clement's Well, are of most note, and most frequently visited, as well by the scholars from the schools, as by the youth of the city, when they go out to take the air in the summer evenings. The city is delightful indeed, when it has a good governor.

Of the Honor of the Citizens.--This city is ennobled by her men, graced by her arms, and peopled by a multitude of inhabitants, so that, in the wars under King Stephen, there went out

to a muster, of armed horsemen esteemed fit for war, twenty thousand, and of infantry sixty thousand. The citizens of London are respected and noted above all other citizens for the elegance of their manners, dress, table, and discourse.

Of the Matrons.--The Matrons of the city are perfect Sabines. Of the Schools. The three principal churches possess, by privi lege and ancient dignity, celebrated schools; yet often, by the favor of some person of note, or of some learned men eminently distinguished for their philosophy, other schools are permitted upon sufferance. On festival days the masters assemble their pupils at those churches where the feast of the patron saint is solemnized; and there the scholars dispute, some in the demonstrative way, and others logically; some again recite enthymemes, while others use the more perfect syllogism. Some, to show their abilities, engage in such disputation as is practised among persons contending for victory alone; others dispute upon a truth, which is the grace of perfection. The sophisters, who argue upon feigned topics, are deemed clever according to their fluency of speech and command of language. Others endeavor to impose by false conclusions. Sometimes certain orators in their rhetorical harangues employ all the powers of persuasion, taking care to observe the precepts of the art, and to omit nothing apposite to the subject. The boys of the different schools wrangle with each other in verse, and contend about the principles of grammar, or the rules of the perfect and future tenses. There are some who in epigrams, rhymes and verses, use that trivial raillery so much practised amongst the ancients, freely attacking their companions with Fescennine license, but suppressing the names, discharging their scoffs and sarcasms against them, touching with Socratic wit, the failings of their schoolfellows, or perhaps of greater personages, or biting them more keenly with a Theoneric tooth. The audience,

"Well disposed to laugh,

With curling nose double the quivering peals."

Of the Manner in which the Affairs of the City are disposed.— The artisans of the several crafts, the venders of the various commodities, and the laborers of every kind, have each their separate

station, which they take every morning. There is also in London on the bank of the river, amongst the wine-shops which are kept in ships and cellars, a public eating-house; there every day, according to the season, may be found viands of all kinds, roast, fried, and boiled, fish large and small, coarser meat for the poor, and more delicate for the rich, such as venison, fowls, and small birds. If friends, wearied with their journey, should unexpectedly come to a citizen's house, and being hungry, should not like to wait till fresh meat be bought and cooked :

"The canisters with bread are heap'd on high;

The attendants water for their hands supply."-DRYDEN's Virgil.

meanwhile some run to the river side, and there every thing that they could wish for is instantly procured. However great the number of soldiers or strangers that enters or leaves the city at any hour of the day or night, they may turn in there if they please, and refresh themselves according to their inclination; so that the former have no occasion to fast too long, or the latter to leave the city without dining. Those who wish to indulge themselves would not desire a sturgeon, or the bird of Africa, or the godwit of Tonia, when the delicacies that are to be found there are set before them. This indeed is the public cookery, and is very convenient to the city, and a distinguishing mark of civilization. Hence we read in Plato's Gorgias, "Juxta medicinam esse coquorum officium, simulantium et adulationem quartæ particulæ civilitatis." There is, without one of the gates, immediately in the suburb, a certain smooth field in name and in reality. There every Friday, unless it be one of the more solemn festivals, is a noted show of well-bred horses exposed for sale. The earls, barons, and knights, who are at the time resident in the city, as well as most of the citizens, flock thither either to look on or buy. It is pleasant to see the nags, with their sleek and shining coats, smoothly ambling along, raising and setting down alternately, as it were, their feet on either side: in one part are horses better adapted to esquires; these, whose pace is rougher but yet expeditious, lift up and set down, as it were, the two opposite fore and