tion of Semler," they attained the form in which they have been embraced by the moderns, and in part further developed. A reaction took place on the side of the Catholic Church in the conservative criticism of J. Jahn and J. L. Hug. But Bertholdt followed in the path which had been broken by Eichhorn and others. He reunited all parts of the Bible, and treated it as a whole in his Introduction. The love of hypothesis, which pre

vails to excess in his book, is opposed to the more valua-(ross blunder ble negative eriticism. K. A. Credner has attempted

*

to satisfy the want of positive results in regard to the

a

Apparatus ad liberalem Vet. Test. Interpretationem; Hal. 1773. Appar. ad liberal. N. T. Interpretat.; Hal. 1767. Abhandl. von freier Untersuch. des Kanon. 4 Thle.; Halle, 1771-75. Vorbereit. zur theolog. Hermeneutik. St. 1-5, 1760-69.

b J. Fr. Güte, Entwurf z. Einl. ins A. T.; Halle, 1787. J. Babor, allg. Einl. in die Schr. d. A. T.; Wien, 1794. G. L. Bauer, Entwurf e. histor.-krit. Einl. in d. Schr. d. A. T.; Nürnb. u. Altd. 1794; 3 verb. A. 1806. Ej. Crit. sac. V. T.; Lips. 1795. J. Chr. W. Augusti, Grundriss e. hist.-krit. Einl. ins A. T.; Lpz. 1806; 2 A. 1827. H. K. A. Hanlein, Handb. d. Einl. in d. Schr. d. N. T. 2 Thle.; Erl. 1794-1802; 2 verb. A. 1802-1809, 3 Thle. His Lehrb. d. Einl. etc.; Erl. 1802. G. F. Griesinger, Einl. in d. Schr. d. N. B.; Stuttg. 1799. J. E. Chr. Schmidt, hist.-krit. Einl. ins N. T.; Giess. 1804, 5, 2 Thle. J. G. Eichhorn, Einl. in d. N. T.; Lpz. 1 Thl. 1804; 2 A. 1820; 2 u. 3 Thl. 1810-14, 4to.; 5 Thl. 1827.

Einl. in d. göttl. Bücher d. A. B.; Wien, 1793; 2 g. umgearb. A.; Wien, 1802, 3, 2 Thle. in 3 Bden. Introduct. in Libros sac. Vet. Fœd. in Compendium red.; ib. 1805; ed. 2, 1815. Ackermann, Introd. in Librr. V. Fœd.; ib. 1826.

Einl. in d. Bücher d. N. T.; 1 Hft., Bas. 1797. Einl. in die Schr. d. N. T.; Tüb. 1808, 2 Thle.; 2 A. 1821; 3 A. 1826; [translated by G. Wait, Lond. 1827, 2 vols. 8vo.; also by D. Fosdick, Andover, 1836, 1 vol. 8vo., with notes by Prof. Stuart.] Feilmoser, Einl. in d. BB. d. N. B.; Tüb. 1830,

2 Aufl.

e

Histor.-krit. Einleit. in sämt. Kanon und Apoc. Schriften d. A. und N. T.; Erlangen, 1812-19, 6 parts.

[That is, Bertholdt did not treat each of the three divisions of the Bible, mentioned in § 3, independently, but proceeded as if those divisions did not exist.]

Einleitung in d. N. T.; 1 Thl. 1, 2 Abth. 1836. Beiträge zur Einleit. in d. bibl. schriften, 1 B. 1832; 2, 1838.

* " This work opposed

the

too prevalent fondness for hypothesis by a preponderance of negative

criticism.

دو

a

New Testament, while H. A. Ch. Hävernik has sought to reëstablish the old prescriptive opinions respecting the Old Testament.

" Handbuch der hist.-krit. Einleitung in d. A. T.; 1 Thl. 1 Abth. 1836; 2 Abth. 1837; 2 Thl. 1 Abth. 1839. Hengstenberg preceded him, in this direction, by his Beiträge, 1 Thl. 1831; 2 Thl. 1836; 3 Thl. 1839. Pareau, Institut. interpret. V. T., (Traj., 1822,) contains much that pertains to the department of introduction to the Bible. Cellérier, Introduction à la Lecture des Livres saints, 1 vol. Anc. Test.; Geneva, 1832. Horne, Introduction to the Critical Study of the Holy Scripture; vols. Lond. 1821, second edition. [Mr. Horne's work has reached several editions in America. We have used that of 1825, 4 vols. 8vo., and sometimes that of 1836, 2 vols. 8vo. Hävernik, 1. c., very properly calls it an unimportant book. It is, however, a tolerable compilation of much that has been written in Latin and English on one side of the subject. It has little merit, except as a guide to the literature of the subject. It takes the stand-point of superstitious reverence for the letter. The work of Cellérier is still less valuable.] See other less important works in Rosenmüller's Handbuch, vol. i. p. 96, sqq. Bertholdt, 1. c. vol. i. p. 29, sqq. These, as well as other single contributions to introduction to the Bible, will be referred to in their proper place.

PART I.

OF THE BIBLE-COLLECTION IN GENERAL.

BOOK I.

NAME, CONSTITUENT PORTIONS, ORDER, AND
DIVISION OF THE BIBLE.

§ 7.

NAMES OF THE BIBLE.

[A considerable time before the birth of Christ, the sacred writings of the Jews much as they differ in respect to their authors, subjects, and the dates of their composition were spoken of as a whole; but they were not mentioned under one definite, general title before the first century after Christ. Before this time, the writers yet remaining fluctuate between the most general terms "The Book," "The Scriptures," in its loftiest sense, or the "Holy Scriptures." Sometimes they indicate the whole collection by the parts of which it is composed, that is, by the "Law, Prophets, and Psalms: " sometimes they speak of credible books written by the prophets, sometimes of sacred writings preserved in the temple, and sometimes of a sacred library. Afterwards, following the example of Paul, as some suppose, these writings were named the "old cove

nant," in opposition to the new, which Christ had established."]

1. General names: the Bible, τὰ Βιβλία, sc. θεῖα ; the Holy Scriptures, or the Scriptures, iepà roago), dɛła roagn, ȧría roag, Bibliotheca Sancta.

E, tà

2. Names of the first part :-, Chaldee, nen, rgag, (2 Pet. i. 20;) ai roagai, (Matt. xxii. 29, Acts xviii. 24;), roagai άríaι, (Rom. i. 2 ;) iegà roάuuata, (2 Tim. iii. 15.) ipo βιβλία, πρίν, ὁ νόμος, (John xii. 34 ;) ὁ νόμος, οἱ προφῆται καὶ οἱ ψαλμοί, (Luke xxiv. 44 ;) ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται, (Acts xxvii. 23 ;)' ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται καὶ τὰ ἄλλα βιβλία, (Prologue to Jesus of Sirach ;)

pare Neh. viii. 8, where the word is used in a different sense;) na, mare, Bißhía tñs radaiãs diadýjays, Vetus Testamentum sive Instrumentum. Compareлαλιὰ διαθήκη, in 2 Cor. iii. 14, with βίβλος τῆς διαθήκης (1 Mac. i. 57; 2 Kings xxiii. 2, in the Septuagint version.) It has this name on account of the biblical view covenant of the religious life as a bond (communion) between

God and man.

h

3. Names of the second part:-Aлózovqα, sc. ẞißhía,

" See Eichhorn, § 6.

с

Chrysostom, in Suiceri Thesaurus eccl. p. 696.

Martianay, Prolog. i § 1, in divin. Bibliotheca Hieronymi. Isidor. Origg. iv. 3.

Tertullian adv. Marcion, iv. 1. Augustin. De Civitate Dei, xx. 4.
Originally άлózovqos meant secret, hidden, (geheim,) i. e., in part myste-

rious, (Epiphanius, Hæres. i. 3, on the Apocalypse,) and in part kept secret, not publicly used, (Origen, Ep. ad Africanum, Opp. i. p. 26. See bewho gives low, § 25. Epiphanius, Hæres. xxx. 3, who derives the word ảлò tõs strange derivanouπINS σιγαλας αντα κρύπτης - - διὸ οὐδὲ ἐν τῷ ἀαρὼν ἀνετέθησαν, sc. libri apocryphi. - De tion of the Pond. et Mens. Opp. ii. p. 162.) Hence it was called by the Jews

word :-)

, like 52 among

the Jews,

be

commenced.

among

"the Jews!"

therefore, equivalent to 1772 am

Libri apocryphi Veteris Testamenti, is commonly used by the Protestants who follow Jerome ; βιβλία αναγιγνωσ zóuɛva, libri ecclesiastici, (§ 26, 27,) deuterocanonici, (§ 28.)

4. Names of the third part:- Tò evaɣréhov xai ò ἀπόστολος, τὸ εὐαγγέλικον καὶ τὸ ἀποστολικον (§ 21, 23) i zain diadhan, Novum Testamentum sive In- given by De καινὴ Wette.

strumentum.

§ 8.

CONSTITUENT PORTIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND PART.

The Old Testament is a collection of books, in the Hebrew and Chaldee languages,—which were accounted inspired and holy by the Jews, and the ancient Christian church, containing all the relics of the Hebrew Chaldee literature up to a certain period." The Chaldee passages

as

(Hottinger, Thes. Phil. p. 515;) then from the secret writings of the heretics, (Clemens Alex. Strom. lib. i. p. 304, B. ed. Sylburg. Origen, Prol. ad Cant. Opp. iii. p. 36. Comm. in Matt. p. 916. See § 25, below, note,) it was called by the synonymous term vódos, and wɛvdenly qaqos, in opposition to was used the canonical writings of the Catholics. (Irenæus, i. 20. Clem. Alex. synonymous Strom. lib. iii. p. 437, § 24. Cyril of Jerusalem, Cateches. iv. Athanasius, with Ep. fest. in § 26. Augustin. cont. Faust. xxii. 79, § 27.) Jerome, Ep. 7, ad Lætam, says, Apocrypha sciat non eorum esse, quorum titulis prænotantur. Finally, Jerome calls it the uncanonical books added by the LXX. See Gieseler, in theol. Stud. u. Krit. 1830, H. 2, p. 142, sqq.

Conf. Chr. B. Michaelis, Diss., qua Nomina, Numerus, Divisio et Ordo Librorum Vet. Test. sistuntur; Hal. 1743. Hottinger, Thes. p. 88, sqq. p. 515. Wähner, Antiqq. Ebr. cap. i. § 6. Pritii Introduct. ed. Hoffmann, cap. i. Jablonsky, Disp. de genuina et propria Significatione τs diaans in Scriptis N. T.; Frcf. 1733; Opusc. ed. te Water, vol. ii. p. 393. Rosenmüller, De Vocabuli dan in Libris N. T. vario Usu; Erlangen, 1778, 4to. Kuinöl, Rupert, et Velthusen, Com. Theol. vol. ii. Stange, Theol. Symmikta, vol. ii. p. 221. See the Hebrew translation of the Aramaic passages of Daniel in Kennicott's edition of the Hebrew Bible, and in the Chaldaicorum Danielis et Esra Capitum Interpretatio Heb. ed. J. L. Schultz; Hal. 1782, 8vo. [Huetius (Dem. Evang. Prop. iv. p. 472) thinks the Hebrew portion of Daniel not genuine, but that Daniel wrote the whole book in Chaldee; but Bertholdt

+ Omission.

applies it to

in/

ndary signi

strictly," it had the secondary

+ Or, more fication vódos "ge.