Upon the death of his father he succeeded to the baronetcy and to the proprietorship of the Athenæum and of Notes and Queries. In 1874 he published anonymously a political satire entitled The Fall of Prince Florestan of Monaco. In 1875 he edited the works of his grandfather, under the title of Papers of a Critic; and in the same year he made a visit to China and Japan, of which he published accounts in magazines.

Meanwhile in 1868 he was returned to Parliament for the new borough of Chelsea, and was returned to the successive Parliaments, notwithstanding that he publicly avowed that he preferred a republican to a monarchical form of government. In 1880 he became Under-Secretary of State, in the administration of Mr. Gladstone; and at the close of 1882 he was made President of the Local Government Board, with a seat in the Cabinet. He was now universally recognized as one of the most promising public men of the time. But in 1885 he was made co-defendant in a divorce suit. The Court decided against him. At his instance a rehearing of the case was had, when the former decision was emphatically confirmed.

His later works include The Present Position of European Politics (1887); The British Army (1888); Problems of Greater Britain (1890), and Imperial Defence (1892), written with Mr. Spencer Wilkinson.

GREATER BRITAIN.

In 1866 and 1867 I followed England round the world everywhere I was in English-speaking, or English-governed lands. If I remarked that climate, soil,

manners of life, that mixture with other peoples had modified the blood, I saw, too, that in essentials the race was always one. The idea which in all the length of my travels has been at once my fellow and my guide -a key wherewith to unlock the hidden things of strange new lands-is a conception, however imperfect, of the grandeur of our race, already girdling the earth, which it is destined, perhaps, eventually, to overspread. In America the peoples of the world are being fused together, but they are run into an English mould: Alfred's laws and Chaucer's tongue are theirs, whether they would or no. There are men who say that Britain, in her age, will claim the glory of having planted greater Englands across the seas. They fail to perceive that she has done more than found plantations of her own-that she has imposed her institutions upon the offshoots of Germany, of Ireland, of Scandinavia, and of Spain. Through America England is speaking to the world.-Preface to Greater Britain.

THE CELTIC IMMIGRATION.

While the Celtic men are pouring into New York, the New Englanders and New Yorkers, too, are moving. They are not dying. Facts are opposed to this portentous theory. They are going West. The unrest of the Celt is mainly caused by discontent with his country's present; that of the Saxon by hope for his private future. The Irishman flies to New York because it lies away from Ireland: the Englishman takes it upon his road to California. Where one race is dominant, immigrants of another blood soon lose their nationality. In New York and Boston the Irish continue to be Celts, for these are Irish cities. In Pittsburg, in Chicago, still more in the country districts, a few years make the veriest Paddy English. On the other hand, the Saxons are disappearing from the Atlantic cities, as the Spaniards have gone from Mexico. The Irish here are beating down the English, as the English have crushed out the Dutch. The Hollander's descendants in New York are English now. It bids fair that the Saxons should be Irish. . The Puritans of New England are sprung from those of

the "associated counties;" but the victors of Marston Moor may have been cousins to those no less sturdy Protestants-the Hollanders who defended Leyden. It may be that they were our ancestors-those Dutchmen that we crowded out of New Amsterdam-the very place where we are sharing the fate we dealt. The fiery temper of the new people of the American coast towns, their impatience of free government, are better proofs of Celtic blood than are the color of the eyes and beard. -Greater Britain, Part I., Chap. 4.

THE FRENCH-CANADIANS.

Quebec Lower Town is very like St. Peter Port in Guernsey. Norman-French inhabitants, guarded by British troops, step-built streets, thronged fruit market, and citadel upon a rock, frowning down upon the quays, are alike in each. A slight knowledge of the UpperNormandy patois is not without its use. There has been no dying-out of the race among the French-Canadians. They number twenty times the thousands that they did a hundred years ago. The American soil has left their physical type, religion, language, laws, and habits absolutely untouched. They herd together in their rambling villages, dance to the fiddle after mass on Sundays as gayly as once did their Norman sires, and keep up their fleur-de-lys and the memory of Montcalm. More French than the French are the Lower-Canadian habitants.Greater Britain, Part I., Chap. 6.

THE CORNFIELDS OF THE NORTHWEST.

"Where men grow tall, there will maize grow tall," is a good sound rule: Limestone makes both bone and straw. The Northwestern States, inhabited by the giant men, are the chosen home of the most useful and beautiful of plants, the maize-in America called "corn." For hundreds of miles the railway track, protected not even by a fence or hedge, runs through the towering plants, which hide all prospects, save that of their own green pyramids. Maize feeds the people, it feeds the cattle and the hogs that they export to feed the cities of

the East; from it is made yearly, as an Ohio farmer told me, "whiskey enough to float the ark." Rice is not more the support of the Chinese than maize of the English in America.-Greater Britain, Part I., Chap. 7.

PHYSICAL CONFORMATION OF NORTH AMERICA.

It is strange how the Western country dwarfs the Eastern States. Buffalo is called a "Western City;" yet from New York to Buffalo is only 350 miles, and Buffalo is but 700 miles to the west of the most eastern point in all the United States. On the other hand, from Buffalo we can go 2,500 miles westward without quitting the United States. "The West" is eight times as wide as the Atlantic States, and will soon be eight times as strong.

The conformation of North America is widely different to that of any other continent on the globe. In Europe the glaciers of the Alps occupy the centre point, and shed the waters toward each of the surrounding seas; confluence is almost unknown. So is it in Asia; the Indus, flowing into the Arabian Gulf, the Oxus into the Sea of Aral, the Ganges into the Bay of Bengal, the Yangtse Kiang into the Pacific, and the Yenesei into the Arctic Ocean, all take their rise in the central tableland. But in South America the mountains form a wall upon the west, whence the rivers flow eastward in parallel lines. In North America alone are there mountains on each coast, and a trough between, into which the rivers flow together, giving in a single valley 23,000 miles of navigable stream to be ploughed by steamships. The map proclaims the essential unity of North America. Political Geography might be a more interesting study than it has yet been made.-Greater Britain, Part I., Chap. 9.

THE INDIANS OF THE PLAINS.

"These Red Indians are not red," was our first cry when we saw the Utes in the streets of Denver. They had come into the town to be painted, as English ladies go to London to shop. When we met them with unpainted cheeks we saw that their color was brown,

copper, dirt-anything you please except red. Low in stature, yellow-skinned, small-eyed, and Tartarfaced, the Indians of the plains are a distinct people from the tall, hooked-nose warriors of the Eastern States. It is impossible to set eyes upon their women without being reminded of the dwarf-skeletons found in the mounds of Missouri and Iowa; but, men or women, the Utes bear no resemblance to the bright-eyed, graceful people with whom Penn traded and Standish fought. They are not less inferior in mind than in body. It was no Shoshoné, no Ute, no Cheyenne, who called the rainbow the "heaven of flowers," the moon the "night queen," or the stars "God's eyes." The tribes of the plains are as deficient, too, in heroes as in poetry; they have never even produced a general. Their mode of life, the natural features of the country in which they dwell, have nothing in them to suggest a reason for their debased condition.-Greater Britain, Part I., Chap. 11.

BRIGHAM YOUNG.

Brigham's personal position is [1866] a strange one. He calls himself prophet, and declares that he has revelations from God himself; but when you ask him quietly what all this means, you will find that for prophet you must read political philosopher. He sees that a canal from Utah Lake to Salt Lake Valley would be of vast utility to the Church and People-that a new settlement is urgently required. He thinks about these things till they dominate in his mind, and take in his brain the shape of physical creations. He dreams of the canal, the city; sees them before him in his waking moments. That which is so clearly for the good of God's people, becomes God's will. Next Sunday at the Tabernacle he steps to the front, and says: "God has spoken; He has said unto his prophet, 'Get thee up, Brigham, and build me a city in the fertile valley to the south, where there is water, where there are fish, where the sun is strong enough to ripen the cotton-plants, and give raiment as well as food to My saints on earth.' Brethren willing to aid God's work should come to me before the Bishops' meeting." As the prophet takes his seat again