attractive as his person and his temperament, is only forty-five. And the nation is sound. The blood and brains of Greeks in their settlements all over the world -in England, France, America, even in the little colony in Australia, unheard of before the war-are at its service. And in the New Greece the motto is 'Deeds, not words,' · πράξεις καὶ ὄχι λόγια.

Yet words are not unimportant. Literature can never be unimportant for a Greek. Taste, style, and feeling for poetry are in the blood of the race; and it is only the war between the spoken and the written word that has hampered self-expression. It is impossible in an article like the present to attempt to estimate the value of the young literary movement. One can only say that it is strangely little known, in England. Poems like The Unruffled Life' of Kósti Palamás, prose writings such as the 'Samothráke' of Ion Dragoumis, which brings home to us the charm and the burden of the Greek islands under Turkish rule, deserve a sympathetic interpreter. It is strange that there should be no representative of Modern Greek language and literature in the University of London. The funds necessary for a Readership are not excessive, and we might expect the most brilliant young scholars in Greece to be candidates. There could be no better way for the Greek colony in London to impress on the English world of letters the significance of the Renascence of Greece.

It will, perhaps, serve as a warranty that even in the New Greece words follow deeds, though they no longer overwhelm them, if this article closes with a simple impromptu lament composed by peasants, and sung in a little village on the promontory of Tænarum a few days before Christmas, 1912.* It is a pupoλóy, a keening in honour of the dead, like those of our own Irish peasants in Synge's Riders to the Sea.' The people are Black Mainiates, claiming descent from Sparta, who still, like the Scottish Highlanders, retain the clan feeling towards their old chieftains, the Mavromichali or House of Black Michael. The son of the house, Dimitri Livanás, had been killed in Epirus; and the lament over him is begun

6

* Written down by G. D. Manolákos, schoolmaster of Kotron, and published by Prof. N. G. Polítis, in Aaoypapía, vol. IV, Athens, June, 1913.

by Kouvarína, a woman from the neighbouring village of Kókkala, who had just lost her own son at Sarantaporon in South Macedonia. She speaks to the father of Livanás, and to his grandmother, the old Stavrianoú Mourkákaina.

Oh! my good Stavrianou, That you may have joy of all you love,

And you to my right, and my
left,

Let me too make my lament.
Three full years have passed
Since our good Venizelos,
Who is a great minister-
May he live, may his life be
long!-

Knew the secret,

And this year he told it.
Four kingdoms are allied,
To fight the Turk.

They have utterly conquered
And have crushed him.

Come near me, Livanás! You who went there to the spot,

Tell me what news you won.
Where are our sons?
Yesterday I was in my house,
And was dressing my chil-
dren,

For it was holiday and feast,
And Saint Spyridon's day,
When away there off Tæna-

ron

I saw our ships pass.

The lads shouted out,

Χαιράμενή μου Σταυριανοῦ,
ποῦ νὰ χαρᾷς ὅ τι ἀγαπᾷς,

κι' ἀπὸ δεξιὰ κι ἀπὸ ζερβιά,

μόνε καὶ μένα ἄφες μου.

Τρία χρονάκια κλειδωτά ὁ Βενιζέλος ὁ καλός, (ὁποῦ εἶναι μέγας ὑπουργός, ὁποῖ νὰ ζῇ, νά 'χη ζωή)

ἐγνώριζε τὸ μυστικὸ
καὶ φέτου τὸ φανέρωσε.
Τέσσερα κράτη σύφωνα
τὸν Τοῦρκο πολεμήσασι
ὅλα τόνε νικήσασι
καὶ τὸν κατατροπώσασι.
Έλα κοντά μου, Λιβανᾶ,
που διάηκες ἐκεῖ κοντά.

Γιὰ πές μου τί καζάντησες ; ποῦ εἶναι τὰ παιδία μας ; Χτες ἤμουνα 'ς τὸ σπίτι μου, κ ̓ ἔντυνα τὰ παιδία μου,

τί τανε σκόλη καὶ γιορτή,
(ἦταν τ ̓ ἁγιοῦ Σπυρίδωνα)
κι' ἀπόξω ἀπὸ τὸ Ταίναρο

περνοῦσαν τὰ καράβια μας.
Φωνάξαν τὰ παιδία μας

That we should go to their νὰ ποῦμε χαιρετίσματα

homes,

And say farewell for them,

For they go to Janina,

They go to fight,

And conquer the Turk,

And if they do not conquer him,

They will never come back.

ἐμεῖς εἰς τὰ σπιτάκια τους,
τί κεῖνα πᾶν 'ς τὰ Γιάνναινα,
πάσι νὰ πολεμήσουσι,
τὸν Τοῦρκο νὰ νικήσουσι,
κι ̓ ἂ δέν τονε νικήσουσι,

πίσου νὰ μὴ γυρίσουσι.

Come near me, Livanás!
Is it not a shame
And a great reproach,
To weep for our children?
For Spartan women

Do not weep for their sons,
When they go and are slain,
For the glory of their country.
The good Venizelos,

Who is our first minister,
Sent a telegram

To the lady Mavromichali.
Her son had been killed,
Who was an officer.

And she sent him an answer
"He has done his duty."

That is our nature.

As tradition tells us,

Έλα κοντά μου, Λιβανᾶ. Δὲν τὸ θωροῦμε γιὰ κακὸ καὶ γιὰ μεγάλη προσβολὴ νὰ κλαῖμε τὰ παιδία μας ; καὶ πῶς ; οἱ Σπαρτιάτισσαις δὲν κλαῖνε τὰ παιδία τους, ὅταν πᾶν καὶ σκοτώνουνται γιὰ τῆς πατρίδας τὸ καλό. Ὁ Βενιζέλος ὁ καλὸς (ὁποῦ εἶναι καὶ πρωθυπουργός) ἔκανε τηλεγράφημα εἰς τὴ Μαυρομιχάλαινα. σκοτώθη τὸ παιδάκι της, ποῦ ἦτα κι ̓ ἀξιωματικός κ' ἐκείνη τοῦ ἀπάντησε τὶ ἔκαμε τὸ καθῆκο του. Μεῖς ἔχομε τὸ φυσικό, ἀπ ̓ ἀκοὴ κι ̓ ἀγροικητά,

Our folk have come from ἀπὸ τὴ Σπάρτη ἤρθασι.

Sparta.

Surely we have not become Μὰ μήπως ἐβλαχέψαμε

Vlachs,

νά ναι κοντὰ 'ς τὴν πλάτη του,

That They may not scoff at νὰ μὴ μᾶς τὸν γελάσουσι

Art. 11.-THE DEVASTATION OF MACEDONIA.

1. Atrocités Grecques en Macédoine pendant la guerre Greco-Bulgare (Avec une carte et 53 reproductions photographiques). Par Prof. Dr L. Miletitch. Sophia : Imprimerie de l'état, 1913.

2. Réponse à la brochure des Professeurs des Universités d'Athenes, ' Atrocités Bulgares en Macédoine.' Par les professeurs de l'Université de Sophia. Sophia: Imprimerie de la Cour Royale, 1913.

3. Extraits fac-similés de certaines lettres trouvées dans le courrier du 19me régiment de la 7me division grecque, saisi par les troupes bulgares dans la region Razlog, le 14/27 Juillet, 1913. Sofia Imprimerie de la Cour Royale, 1913.

4. Nouvelle Série de Lettres écrites. . . . par des soldats grecques du 19me régiment, 7me division. . . . .. Témoignages des citoyens paisibles de Serrès, victimes des atrocités grecques et sauvés par miracle. Sofia, 1/14 Sept. 1913.

THE question of culpability for the atrocities committed in the second Balkan War has already been much debated, but such information as has been published has come chiefly from the Greeks. The Carnegie Commission has taken much evidence, and its report is eagerly awaited; but, as the date of its appearance is not yet known, it seems desirable to publish some testimonies collected from other than Greek sources. We may surely rely upon the English public to hold an even balance while the question is in dispute.

I ask the reader to compare the conditions of the civil populations of Eastern Macedonia (now New Greece) as they were last June with what they are to-day, and to put it to himself upon whom the responsibility must rest for a tragedy so vast, grim and atrocious. This area, though one of the most fruitful and beautiful in Europe, and the seat of an ancient civilisation, is little known to Englishmen. It has been vilely misgoverned for five centuries. Since 1887 it has been the cockpit of rival sectaries, Patriarchist Greeks and Bulgarian Exarchists. During the first War (1912) Thrace and Eastern Macedonia were traversed by a Turkish army in retreat and by