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marked by death (for example with typhus) and who therefore would not be able to withstand the exertions of even a short march on foot, shall in the future, as a matter of basic principle, be excluded from the transport into the concentration camps for execution." (1165-PS)

Additional evidence of the confinement of Russian prisoners of war in concentration camps is found in an official report of the investigation of the Flossenburg concentration camp by Headquarters Third United States Army, Judge Advocate Section, War Crimes Branch, dated 21 June 1945 (2309-PS). This report states:

"In 1941 an additional stockade was added at the Flossenburg Camp, to hold 2,000 Russian prisoners. From these 2,000 prisoners only 102 survived." (2309-PS)

Soviet prisoners of war found their allies in the concentration camps. The same official report continues:

"The victims of Flossenburg included among the Russian, civilians and prisoners of war, German nationals, Italians, Belgians, Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, British and American prisoners of war. No practical means was available to complete a list of victims of this camp, however, since the foundation of the camp in 1938 until the day of liberation it is estimated that more than 29,000 inmates died." (2309-PS) Escaped prisoners of war were sent to concentration camps, which were specially set up as extermination centers. A communication from the Secret State Police Office, Cologne, dated 4 March 1944, transmitted the following orders of the OKWfor which Keitel is responsible-concerning escaped prisoners of

war:

"1. Every captured escaped prisoner of war who is an officer or a non-working non-commissioned officer, except British and American prisoners of war, is to be turned over to the Chief of the Security Police and of the Security Service under the classification 'Step III' regardless of whether the escape occurred during a transport, whether it was a mass escape or an individual one.

"2. Since the transfer of the prisoners of war to the Security Police and Security Service may not become officially known to the outside under any circumstances other prisoners of war may by no means be informed of the capture. The captured prisoners are to be reported to the Army Information Bureau as 'escaped and not captured'. Their mail is to be handled accordingly. Inquiries of representatives of the Pro

tective Power of the International Red Cross, and of other aid societies will be given the same answer." (1650-PS) The same communication carried a copy of an order of SS General Mueller, acting for the Chief of the Security Police and SD, which directed the Gestapo to transport escaped prisoners directly to Mauthausen. The first two paragraphs of Mueller's order provide:

"The State Police Directorates will accept the captured es-
caped officer prisoners of war from the prisoner of war camp
commandants and will transport them to the Concentration
Camp Mauthausen following the procedure previously used,
unless the circumstances render a special transport impera-
tive. The prisoners of war are to be put in irons on the
transport-not on the station if it is subject to view by the
public. The camp commandant at Mauthausen is to be noti-
fied that the transfer occurs within the scope of the action
'Kugel'. The State Police Directorates will submit semi-
yearly reports on these transfers giving merely the figures,
the first report being due on 5 July 1944 (sharp).
For the sake of secrecy, the Supreme Command of the Armed
Forces has been requested to inform the prisoner of war
camps to turn the captured prisoners over to the local State
Police Office and not to send them directly to Mauthausen."
(1650-PS)

* *

It is no coincidence that the literal translation for the German word "Kugel" is "bullet", since Mauthausen, where the escaped prisoners were sent, was an extermination center.

4. THE NETWORK OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS

Nazi conquest was marked by the establishment of concentration camps over all of Europe. The following report on the location of concentration camps, signed by Pohl, an SS General who was in charge of concentration camp labor policies, indicates the scope of these activities:

"1. At the outbreak of war there existed the following concentration camps:

a Dachau, 1939, 4,000 prisoners, today 8,000.

b Sachsenhausen, 1939, 6,500 prisoners, today 10,000.

c Buchenwald, 1939, 5,300 prisoners, today 9,000.

d Mauthausen, 1939, 1,500 prisoners, today 5,500.

e Flossenburg, 1939, 1,600 prisoners, today 4,700.

f Ravensbrueck, 1939, 2,500 prisoners, today 7,500.

"2. In the years 1940 to 1942 nine further camps were

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erected, viz.:

a. Auschwitz (Poland)
b. Neuengamme

c. Gusen (Austria)

d. Natzweiler (France)

e. Gross-Rosen

f. Lublin (Poland)

g. Niederhagen

h. Stutthof (near Danzig)

i. Arbeitsdorf." (R-129)

In addition to these camps in occupied territory, there were many others. The official report by the Headquarters, Third U. S. Army, Judge Advocate Section, War Crimes Branch, contains the following evidence:

"Concentration Camp Flossenburg was founded in 1938 as a camp for political prisoners. Construction was commenced on the camp in 1938 and it was not until April 1940 that the first transport of prisoners was received. From this time on prisoners began to flow steadily into the camp. Flossenburg was the mother camp and under its direct control and jurisdiction were 47 satellite camps or outer-commandos for male prisoners and 27 camps for female workers. To these outer-commandos were supplied the necessary prisoners for the various work projects undertaken.

"Of all these outer-commandos Hersbruck and Leitmeritz (in Czechoslovakia), Oberstaubling, Mulsen and Sall, located on the Danube, were considered to be the worst." (2309-PS)

5. THE CONCENTRATION CAMP AS AN INSTRUMENT OF TERROR The savage treatment which was inflicted in these concentration camps upon allied nationals, prisoners of war, and other victims of Nazi terror has been depicted in motion picture evidence. Verbal discussion of this subject may therefore be brief.

The minutes of the Central Planning Committee, on which Speer sat, and where the high strategy of Nazi armament production was formulated, record a conference on the question of squeezing more work out of slave laborers. Speer, who was not generally considered a fanatic like Frick, or a man of Blood and Iron like Goering, handled the problem in this fashion:

"Speer: We must also discuss the slackers. Ley has ascertained that the sick list decreased to one fourth or one fifth in factories where doctors are on the staff who are examin

ing the sick men. There is nothing to be said against SS and Police taking drastic steps and putting those known as slackers into concentration camps. There is no alternative. Let it happen several times and the news will soon go around." (R-124)

The deterrent effect of the concentration camps upon the public was carefully planned. To heighten the atmosphere of terror surrounding the concentration camps, they were shrouded in secrecy. What went on behind the barbed wire enclosures was a matter of fearful conjecture in Germany and the countries under Nazi control.

This was the policy from the very beginning, when the Nazis first came into power in Germany and set up their concentration camp system. An order issued in 1 October 1933 by the Camp Commander of Dachau prescribes a program of floggings, solitary confinement, and executions for the inmates for infractions of the rules. (778-PS). Among the rules were those prescribing a rigid censorship concerning conditions within the camp:

"By virture of the law on revolutionaries, the following offenders, considered as agitators, will be hung. Anyone who, for the purpose of agitating, does the following in the camp, at work, in the quarters, in the kitchens and workshops, toilets and places of rest: politicizes, holds inciting speeches and meetings, forms cliques, loiters around with others; who for the purpose of supplying the propaganda of the opposition with atrocity stories, collects true or false information about the concentration camp and its institution; receives such information, buries it, talks about it to others, smuggles it out of the camp into the hands of foreign visitors or others by means of clandestine or other methods, passes it on in writing or orally to released prisoners or prisoners who are placed above them, conceals it in clothing or other articles, throws stones and other objects over the camp wall containing such information; or produces secret documents; who, for the purpose of agitating, climbs on barracks' roofs and trees, seeks contact with the outside by giving light or other signals, or induces others to escape or commit a crime, gives them advices to that effect or supports such undertakings in any way whatsover." (778-PS)

Censorship concerning the camps was complemented by an officially inspired rumor compaign outside the camps. Concentration camps were spoken of in whispers, and the whispers were spread by agents of the secret police. A "Top Secret" order, re

lating to concentration camps, issued by the Head of the Gestapo and distributed to appropriate police officers, and dated 26 October 1939, provides:

"In order to achieve a further deterrent effect, the following must, in future, be observed in each individual case

"3. The length of the period of custody must in no case be made known, even if the Reichsfuehrer SS and Chief of the German Police or the Chief of the Security Police and the SD has already fixed it.

"The term of commitment to a concentration camp is to be
openly announced as 'until further notice.'

"In most serious cases, there is no objection to the increas-
ing of the deterrent effect by the spreading of cleverly car-
ried out rumour propaganda, more or less to the effect that,
according to hearsay, in view of the seriousness of his case,
the arrested man will not be released for 2 or 3 years.
"4. In certain cases, the Reichsfuehrer SS and Chief of the
German Police will order flogging in addition to detention in
a concentration camp. Orders of this kind will, in future,
also be transmitted to the State Police District Office con-
cerned. In this case too, there is no objection to spreading
the rumor of this increased punishment as laid down in Sec-
tion 3, paragraph 3, in so far as this appears suitable, to
add to the deterrent effect.

"5. Naturally, particularly suitable and reliable people are
to be chosen for the spreading of such news." (1531-PS)

6. THE TREATMENT OF CONCENTRATION CAMP VICTIMS

The deterrent effect of the concentration camps was based on the promise of savage brutality. This promise was fulfilled, to an extent which defies description. Once in the custody of the SS guards, the victim was beaten, tortured, starved, and often murdered through the so-called "extermination through work" program, or through mass execution gas chambers and furnaces of the camps (which were portrayed in the motion picture evidence). The reports of official government investigations furnish additional evidence of conditions within the concentration camps. The official report concerning the concentration camp Flossenberg, prefaced by the Office of the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, dated 21 June 1945, and supported by attached affidavits and testimony, contains this description:

"The work at these camps mainly consisted of underground labor, the purpose being the construction of large under

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