Victory is not a desideratum if it is not used for the benefit of humanity; and the cruel effort of years of struggle would be of little avail if the United Nations did not demonstrate that they are capable of winning the peace as well as the war, by their acts, by incarnating into living reality, and perfecting whenever possible, every day and every hour, the spirit of universal cooperation and concord which inspired the Dumbarton Oaks agreements and proposals.

Uruguay accepts those proposals and agreements, convinced that the essential and first thing to do is to create in the world an organization and a system of security which will suppress international banditry and prevent a return to the law of the jungle; but, together with its brothers of America-in accordance with what was agreed upon at the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace, recently held in Mexico City-it wishes the future world Organization to gain the maximum efficiency and not to suffer from omissions or cleavages, but to perfect its structure to the greatest possible extent. Uruguay is pleased by the creation of a world Organization in which the participating nations are recognized as being juridically the equal of one another, and the purpose of which is to guarantee international security; but it also desires that, among their more definite and precise aims, they may have those of permanently realizing the ideals for which free nations have fought and suffered in this war: the supremacy of law, the triumph of liberty, respect for the dignity of the human being, the outlawing of violence in any of its forms as an instrument for the settlement of disputes, and repudiation of doctrines of racial division and discrimination.

To this aspiration it adds the hope that the world Organization will expressly and categorically adopt the principle of the inviolability of the independence, territorial integrity, frontiers, and rights of nations, and that it will create adequate machinery for preventing or repressing acts of aggression.

For Uruguay, the country which attacks any member of the peaceful community of nations must be considered an aggressor by all of them collectively, and all of them, in turn, must act to find a juridical settlement of the dispute and, in lieu thereof, to defend the state attacked, with arms if necessary.

The Act of Chapultepec, approved by the American nations at the Mexico City Conference, has adopted this principle and organized procedures for the prevention and sanction of threats of aggression, at the suggestion of Uruguay, Brazil, and Colombia. My country fervently hopes that that memorable international instrument will be integrated with the world Organization and will lay the necessary foundation for studying a way to see that defense, both material and in respect to acts involving the independent personality of the countries and the quarantine and punishment of acts of aggression, will be effected by regional organizations, with the support of all the members of the International Organization.

Continental regionalism must be connected with the world Organization and should mobilize forces only upon the acquiescence of the latter. We shall thus avoid creating new forms of conflict later.

Security must be collective, universal, and coercive. (The proceedings of the Conference were interrupted when a paper bearing the headlines "Nazis Quit" was brought into the room and shown to the Conference. Mr. Molotov, being informed that the report of Nazi

surrender was without official confirmation, shortly directed the translator to proceed.)

With respect to the framework itself of the Organization to be established, Uruguay accepts the Dumbarton Oaks agreements as a system imposed by the needs and contingencies of the state of war and of what will follow in the immediate future, in the character of a first imperfect stage, but one that can be perfected in the future, transitory and provisional in nature, and lasting only until the final consequences of the conflict are liquidated and it is possible therefore to restore a statute of international society without the deficiencies which appear in those agreements.

It is not the peace of force that we desire, but that of harmony, justice, and the general welfare.

The contention for organized coercive action-the only effective form in its case-against the aggressor who resorts to force in seeking aims which justice denied him and which he could not attain by regular peaceful juridical means, is a reality which we must also contemplate.

The order that is to be established for regulating institutional life will not be perfect, but it must indeed be effective.

Only through collaboration of all large and small nations, weak or strong in military might, whatever their creed, race, or political organization, will it be possible to build a secure system of peace in the world. For this, it is indispensable, before all and above all-and I expressly emphasize it-to fulfil loyally and correctly what is agreed upon.

Uruguay accepts the organization of an Assembly as a body that is fully representative of the nations, in the understanding that all of them will act therein under the same juridical category and on a level of perfect equality-that is to say, that there will be no superior states and inferior states, nor states with privileges and states without them, nor states which have a form of hierarchy and quality and states which appear in a rank and file line of countries with lesser rights. In this same concept, it deems it advisable that the powers of the Assembly be strengthened in order to promote and facilitate solutions tending to consolidate the peace and stimulate international cooperation.

With respect to the projected Security Council, my country affirms that, in keeping with its old traditions, it sustains the hope that the Council will be formed by procedures of democratic origin, it being necessary that it be directed by members chosen by the Assembly without distinction as to prerogatives or rights.

In the present circumstance, however, Uruguay accepts, as a transitory situation, that the four great powers-the United States of America, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and China-which have borne the heaviest load of the war, have contributed most decisively to victory and will have the most serious duties and responsibilities for the maintenance of the future peace, should be assured seats on the Council, but not indefinitely and only for a period which may be judged advisable, say 8 or 10 years, for example.

But, as it already maintained in a statement of September 28, 1944, it desires that France be included in the category of big members of the Council not subject to election by the Assembly, as a tribute to her role as champion of liberty, to her moral significance, to her sorrow

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and sacrifices in the trials of war and to her permanent collaboration in the processes and destinies of universal culture.

It is also of the opinion that the Latin American nations should be considered for membership in the Council in view of their proven ideals of international peace and harmony.

With respect to the constitution of the International Court of Justice, Uruguay believes that all differences and controversies between countries which cannot be settled by friendly means or arbitral procedures, should without any exception be submitted to its jurisdiction and decision. It maintains this, because it has the conviction that all international conflicts are susceptible of solution by law; and because it entertains the fear that, if distinctions are made between political and juridical disputes, and if the former should be eliminated from the scope of the International Court of Justice, the situation might tend to strengthen the intervention of force in disputes or controversies between states.

In its opinion, the Court should be universal and the only one, as is due the very attributes of justice, precluding, consequently, courts of special jurisdiction or for specific zones of the world.

Uruguay also favors the establishment of the Economic and Social Council directly elected by the Assembly, which would be free, in social and economic matters, to make recommendations to its member states.

In this Organization and in its wise future action, my country has great interests and hopes, since it previously had the honor of declaring that "peace should not be considered an end in itself but rather a starting point, a means and an instrument to effect the improvement of economic and spiritual living conditions of peoples".

It would not be possible to attain the international peace longed for by all, if social peace is not attained. For this purpose, it is indispensable that the economic life of the world be laid on more equitable foundations, that cooperation between countries respond to active principles and be affected with equity and amplitude; and that the popular masses do not have the dangerous dissatisfaction in their living standard which produces social conflicts, rebellions, and wars. The greatest wealth is man himself, and, consequently, the people without dividing lines-in one word, humanity-composed of persons under all flags. Hence, to promote the economic welfare and development of the human species is to combat war and to base lasting peace on harmony of interests and the extension of justice.

Uruguay has endeavored to preserve, defend, and guard this fundamental and precious wealth by providing under a decree of July 26, 1944, that its delegates to conferences and congresses of the post-war express the need of combating the disturbing practice of "dumping" in international trade. To this end it has proposed: that governments and peoples give preference in commercial interchange to the merchandise and products of countries in which there prevail effectively the juridical and ethical principles of protection of workers against exploitation by the state or by individuals; to reject the merchandise and products of countries which obtain a lower cost for them at the expense of the rights, health, and freedom of the working masses; and to refrain from entering into commercial agreements with nations which maintain labor organizations oppressive to human beings.

This principle, in the opinion of Uruguay, should guide the activities and work of the Economic and Social Council.

If there is to be an organization entrusted with security, another with justice, and another for the economic and social planning of the world, there should also be an organization entrusted with culture.

My country feels that it is desirable to organize a council charged with promoting, encouraging, and initiating the relations of cultural interchange between the nations, for the same reason that it believes in the spirit, in the moral forces, and in the factors of intelligence which have definitely served as decisive motives for taking up arms and stimulating the conscience in the struggle against the Axis powers. There will not be peace in the world if there is no peace in the spirit.

It is necessary to reach it for the rebirth of the ideals at the end of the painful crisis of the world, the knowledge and the interchange of the values of culture, the dissemination of noble ideas which will pacify the soul and will unite mankind, the propagation of the pacific spirit and the development of the movement called "moral disarmament", which fosters respect and love for law, and ethics, which recommends the correction of history and geography textbooks which prevent understanding and agreement, and unites nations, classes, and individuals in the collective duties and sentiments of civilization."

If poisoned words and dishonest teachers have been able to prepare the war, generous words and truthful teachers must maintain peace. But a stable and sane peace cannot be attained if nothing is done for the democratization of the world and the rule of freedom. For Uruguay, peace and democracy constitute complementary objectives, each of which is a guarantee and a motive for the other. This is its thesis of law.

In this regard it feels that in the proposed International Organization there should not be admitted nations professing doctrines of aggression and war, which are inclined to undermine or destroy the order of juridical peace in the world.

However, in order to be a member of international society, it is not enough in its opinion to present the titles of "peace-loving nations", but it is also necessary to be a freedom-loving nation.

For this reason, restating a thought in which it believes, Uruguay puts forward a formula according to which it would be required that the states aspiring to admission to the community of nations effectively respect the essential liberties inherent in the human being. Without this condition, admission should be refused.

The concept of equality imposes necessarily the non-intervention principle, which must be firmly and fully established by the international association under the following conditions alone:

(a) The freedom of a state may not reach at any time a point which is incompatible with the rights and the pacific relations of the others; and

(b) In the event that any state should make an attempt, or prepare for an attempt against such rights and such peaceful relations, collective intervention by all nations in order to reestablish peace would be proper and justified.

Within the international community there is reason for regional organizations, which may even be indispensable, such as the interAmerican system, under the condition that their action should fall within the scope of the international community, and that in no case would the regional organizations be able to set one continent or region

against another continent or region, and that they do not represent an isolation of the nations composing them in opposition to the other nations of the world.

Uruguay believes that the coexistence of regional systems with the world community could be implemented on the following bases:

(a) The juridical systems of the world Organization and the regional organizations must not exclude or replace each other, but must be implemented and coordinated so as to strengthen the rule of law; and

(b) The states composing a regional organization should have the right to address themselves to all the jurisdictions of the world Organization and shall participate in the juridical guaranties, the security plans, and the systems of cooperation existing therein.

Uruguay, therefore, Mr. President and Delegates, adheres to the establishment of an international juridical order that would not jeopardize but instead consolidate the fruits and results of the victorious thrust of the free peoples against the Axis powers. As the work of peoples which are still engaged in the struggle among ruins, battles, and hopes, it will not yet be a perfect and finished accomplishment. But this will no doubt be attained in the course of time, as a consequence of the aspiration and constructive decision of all peoples of good-will. The stage of development will begin immediately upon its foundation.

The first day of its existence will also be the first day of work, of renovation, and of progress. Then, as now, as yesterday and as ever, the Republic of Uruguay will act in the service of the law.

Mr. MOLOTOV (speaking in Russian; translation follows): This session is now adjourned. The next plenary session will be held in this same place at 3:30 p.m., Monday, April 30.

Verbatim Minutes of the Fifth Plenary Session,

Doc. 42, May 1

April 30

Mr. EDEN: Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, the Fifth Plenary Session of the United Nations Conference on International Organization is hereby convened. For the convenience of my fellow delegates, I now announce that the Sixth Plenary Session will be held in this hall tomorrow, Tuesday afternoon, at 3:30 o'clock.

The first item on our agenda today is the Report of the Rapporteur of a meeting of the heads of delegations on the organization of the Conference.

I call upon the Chairman of the Delegation of Cuba, Rapporteur of the meeting of the heads of delegations.

Mr. BELT: Mr. Chairman, Fellow Delegates, the chairmen of all delegations represented at the United Nations Conference on International Organization held their third meeting on April 30, 1945, at 11 a.m.; the Honorable Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., President of the Conference, acted as chairman.

Seating of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic at the Conference:

The meeting recommends to the Conference in plenary session that the Conference having decided that the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist