that is coming under our Economic and Social Council. It has been a very great privilege for me to represent the United States on this important Committee, and to have the very great privilege of sitting under our distinguished and most competent Chairman, to whom I add my tribute of gratitude and praise.

PRESIDENT: I recognize Señor Emilio A. Godoy, the Delegate of

Peru.

Mr. GODOY: Mr. President, Fellow Delegates, one of the most significant and encouraging features of the work done by the Committee on Economic and Social Cooperation is the enunciation of higher standards of living and full employment as two of the principal objectives of the United Nations Organization.

Higher standards of living and full employment can only be attained in a prosperous world. The achievement of higher standards of living and full employment throughout the world must be based on the development and the maintenance of high levels of production and high levels of consumption throughout the world. Universally high levels of production and consumption, in turn, will only be possible of attainment through a reduction of the restricting measures which during the last two decades have multiplied all over the globe in an insane attempt on the part of nations or groups of nations to achieve local prosperity through the strangling of international trade.

The Economic and Social Council will have before it an opportunity, which may never again present itself, to study the ways and means of promoting among the United Nations the cooperation necessary to bring about a freeing of the channels of international trade through the reduction of excessive tariffs and of excessive consumption taxes, and the elimination of artificial and discriminatory restrictions, including quotas, import controls, subsidies, and the like; and it is to be hoped that this shall be one of the first tasks undertaken by the Council once it is organized and ready to function.

PRESIDENT: That, Ladies and Gentlemen, concludes our general discussion. I now come back to the interesting and valuable suggestion which has been made by Dr. Evatt, and it is this: that in view of the practical unanimity disclosed by this general discussion, we should not spend the time in going through the Rapporteur's report, section by section.

I wish to ask, Ladies and Gentlemen, whether it is the wish of the meeting that we should, without further detailed discussion and consideration of this report clause by clause, adopt the report as a whole, on the understanding that not only the recommendations are passed but also the statements and declarations and interpretations included in it are to be forwarded with our report to the plenary session.

Is it the sense of the meeting that we dispose of the report in this way? Any objections? Accepted.

That finishes our work, Ladies and Gentlemen.

The Executive Officer will make a statement about the work in other committees.

EXECUTIVE OFFICER: Mr. President, since the last meeting of Commission II on May 30, substantial progress has been made by all of the other committees of this Commission. Committee I, on Structure and Procedures of the Assembly, has held one further meeting since it reported to the Commission on May 30 and will soon submit its second, and perhaps final, report. Committee 2, on the Political and Security

Functions of the Assembly, has still to finish its work on one paragraph of the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals and to act on a re-reference by the Steering Committee of another paragraph. The report of the Rapporteur is nearing completion. This Committee should be ready to report to the Commission within four or five days. Committee 4, on the Trusteeship System, has completed its consideration of the working paper which was adopted as the basis for its work in the absence of any text on this subject in the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals. This Committee still has to consider two additional proposals which have been presented to it and to approve the report of its Rapporteur. It is expected that its work can be completed during the latter part of this week. The work of the committees may, of course, be prolonged if questions are referred back to them by the Coordination Committee or by the Steering Committee. In any case, it is expected that this Commission will be able to meet once or twice before the end of this week to hear reports from one or two of its committees.

PRESIDENT: Well, that finishes our work for today, Ladies and Gentlemen, and the meeting stands adjourned.

Verbatim Minutes of Third Meeting of Commission II, June 20

Docs. 1144 and 1208, June 21 and 27

PRESIDENT (Field Marshal Smuts, Union of South Africa): Order, Ladies and Gentlemen. I declare this meeting of our second Commission duly opened.

Before we begin our proceedings here tonight, I should like to say a few words about the state of our program. As you know, this Commission of the Conference deals with four different sets of subjects under four different committees. Of these four committees, the third -on Economic and Social Cooperation—has already reported, and that report has been sent forward. The first Committee has made a first report which has been disposed of; and, tonight, we shall deal with that Committee's second report, which I hope we shall be able to finish at this meeting. The fourth Committee is also reporting tonight and I hope we shall dispose of that report. The second Committee has not reported yet.

You will, therefore, see, Ladies and Gentlemen, that our Commission is behindhand with its work. Even in these very last days of the Conference, we have still a good deal of work before us.

The first item on our program is the report of the fourth Committee, on Trusteeship. I wish the officers of that Committee to take their seats on the platform. They are the Chairman, Mr. Peter Fraser, Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs of New Zealand; the Rapporteur, M. Hugues Le Gallais, Minister of Luxembourg to the United States; and the Secretary, Mr. Eugene P. Chase of the International Secretariat.

It may be helpful if I say a few words about the fourth Committee's report before we start our discussion. The report is quite full and has annexed to it the recommendations of the Committee, and I assume that you have all read the report and that important annexation.

The Committee has worked very hard and has evolved a scheme, which is one of the most important pieces of work that has been done

at this Conference. I am very glad also to be able to tell you that we have before us practically an agreed scheme.

I think that a word of very high praise is due to that Committee for its work. I do not think there has been a Committee of our Conference which has taken more care to thresh out its subject from all points of view, and to bring before our Commission a report which represents the results of very thorough labors.

I do not like to draw distinctions, but I do feel that a word of very high praise is due to the Chairman of that Committee, Mr. Fraser. He has worked very hard. His heart has been in this subject, and I think much of the good work that has been done is due to the care that he has devoted to this matter.

I should also like to say a word of very warm praise to Mr. Stassen. Commander Stassen acted largely as the leader in organizing the work of this Committee. He was responsible, originally, for preparing a draft scheme on which the Committee has been working, and he has, for weeks, been busy practically night and day giving all his attention to the elaboration of this work, to conciliating differences of opinion and effecting compromises. I think it is very largely due to his assiduous efforts that we have before us a scheme which is largely one on which the Committee is in agreement. These two gentlemen, among all the members of that Committee that worked so hard, are outstanding and I pay this little tribute to their efforts.

The scheme of trusteeships before us, Ladies and Gentlemen, is somewhat difficult and involved. The subject breaks new ground. There is nothing in the original Dumbarton Oaks draft to guide us. Practically all that the Committee had before it was a section in the old Covenant of the League of Nations, which dealt with the subject of mandates. The treatment which has been given to this subject by the Committee expands it far beyond the old mandate conception and makes the principle of trusteeship of very general application today. As most of you know, the old trusteeship, the old mandate system, was applied to the ex-German and ex-Turkish colonies which the Paris Peace Conference had to dispose of. The subject, therefore, was a very limited one. So far as there was a system of trusteeship, it was applied to only a small group of colonies, those that were taken from Germany and Turkey.

This scheme diverts in scope very largely from that old Covenant scheme. The principle of trusteeship is now applied generally. It applies to all dependent peoples in all dependent territories. It covers all of them, and therefore an extension has been given to the principle of a very far-reaching and important character. That has added largely to the difficulties of the subject, because this wide application of the trusteeship principle to all sorts of territories to colonies of half a dozen powers and not merely to ex-colonies of defeated powers -has complicated the subject very much and made its treatment very much more difficult.

If you look at the report and at the annexed recommendations, you will see that the scheme is divided into two parts, A and B. B covers on a much more thorough ground than before the field covered by the old mandate commission. A extends the work very much. A applies the trustee principle to all dependent territories, whether they are mandates, whether they are territories taken from defeated countries,

or whether they are existing colonies of powers. The whole field of dependent peoples living in dependent territories is now covered.

A deals with that larger extension, and it puts countries, especially colonial powers who have colonies to look after, under certain obligations which you will find set out in the recommendations and in the report.

They are quite serious obligations, and if those obligations are carried out we shall see a general leveling up of colonial administrations all over the world. The system is not abolished, it is not touched, but the application of these principles to colonies of a large number of powers will mean a general improvement of administration and the setting up of quite new ideals for many of the dependent peoples in those colonies. That is covered by Section A of this report and of the recommendations before us.

B deals to some extent with the old field already covered in the Covenant of the League of Nations and the provision there is this: That with regard to certain types of dependent territories, old mandate territories, territories newly conquered and taken from existing powers, and also colonies where the governing power is prepared voluntarily to place them under trusteeship-all these various types of territories will fall under the trusteeship system, which will impose stricter conditions than those prescribed in Section A. You will find all this set out in the recommendations and in the report. If these additions for the advancement of these dependent peoples, politically, socially, economically, are carried out, I have no doubt that the results will be very far-reaching indeed. A Trusteeship Council will be elected representing partly the powers who are trustees and partly other members of the United Nations in equal numbers. This Council will see that the obligations undertaken are carried out, and reports will have to be submitted annually by the responsible trustees in which they set out the work that has been done and the progress that has been made and keep the United Nations Organization fully informed of what is going on. The result will be that as both Sections A and B are applied to dependent peoples all over the world wherever you have territory inhabited by dependent peoples-peoples that are not advanced enough to look after themselves, peoples that are still backward in development in one way or another, and in one degree or another -they will all have the benefits of this new administration. They will also have the United Nations Organization seeing that they do get these benefits, that these principles which have been evolved for their government and their advancement are duly carried out.

I have just stated the general principles of the scheme before us. It is full of details with which I shall not trouble you. The whole scheme has been thoroughly worked out, but I thought that you might be interested to know how, exactly, this present scheme differs from the mandate scheme to which we have been accustomed hitherto. The trustee scheme is not only much wider in its scope, but much stricter and much farther reaching in its character, and if it is duly carried out the results may be very far reaching.

I don't think, Ladies and Gentlemen, that it will be necessary for us to read this report. It is a long report, and most of you have read it. Therefore, I would suggest that we do not read this report, but that we have a general debate on the work. The details would be much too difficult to cover at a meeting like this, and, as I say, it is an agreed

scheme. I do not think there will be any great difference of opinion on the details, but it might be very useful tonight to have a general discussion. After the discussion we can pass the report and send it on to the Conference.

May I take it, Ladies and Gentlemen, that you do not wish this report to be read and that we can proceed with the general debate? That is accepted by acclamation.

I have a long list of speakers who have notified us that they want to partake in this debate. I call on the first name on the list, the Delegate of the Netherlands, Dr. Loudon.

Mr. LOUDON: Mr. President, Fellow Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, the adoption of the text on trusteeship prepared by Committee II/4 and put before you with the excellent report of the Rapporteur will be a great step forward in the evolution of mankind. Principles for the administration of non-self-governing territories have repeatedly been formulated in unilateral declarations, and for certain groups of territories such principles have been elaborated in treaties, the farthest reaching of which is in the Covenant of the League of Nations. But this is the first time in history that 50 United Nations formulate and declare their acceptance of such principles for all non-self-governing territories except those for which states outside the United Nations are responsible.

It is of the greatest importance that so much could be achieved on such a delicate subject and, Mr. President, achieved almost unanimously. It is surely a favorable omen for the United Nations and their mission to secure peace, progress, and prosperity for all. Besides the good-will of all the United Nations we have to thank for this result the able Chairman of the Committee, the Right Honorable Peter Fraser, Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs of New Zealand. His human understanding, his idealistic outlook and eminently practical leadership were of the very greatest assistance. Next to him, we thank the Delegate of the United States, Commander Stassen, for whom I had a deep appreciation for a long time even before the San Francisco Conference ever became an idea. Commander Stassen deserves a special credit for his great achievement. His untiring patience, courtesy, and understanding, his sincerity and faith, his combination of idealism and realism, so representative of what is best in America, have earned him the gratitude of the United Nations.

Mr. President, a great and noble task has been outlined in this chapter of the Charter, a task to which we will have to set ourselves with optimism, with faith.

I shall confine myself to the general principles and obligations of the Declaration. From the political side an eminently satisfactory formula has been recommended. Nobody can be in doubt about our point of view.

Allow me, Mr. President, to repeat some of the remarks of Dr. van Mook, Lieutenant Governor General of the Netherlands Indies. He observed, and I quote, "When the development of economic, social and political institutions in a dependent territory has reached a certain stage, the achievement of the final goal is inevitable". After having sketched the prerequisites he said, and I quote again, "The realization of self-government may take the form of a continued equal partnership within one commonwealth or that of an independent nation. That is for the inhabitants of the territory to decide, but the realization

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