each of the first three Powers above named is to be fixed by an Inter-allied commission set up for that purpose, Bulgaria's quota is fixed at 2,250,000,000 francs gold.

In the Turkish Treaty the admission of responsibility and recognition of insufficiency of resources are expressed in identical terms with those of the Bulgarian Treaty, except that there is no mention of Associated Powers. But

' inasmuch as the territorial arrangements resulting from the present Treaty will leave to Turkey only a portion of the revenues of the former Turkish Empire, all claims against the Turkish Empire for reparation are waived by the Allied Powers, subject only to the provisions of this Part [Financial Clauses] and of Part IX (Economic Clauses) of the present Treaty.' Such are 'all loss and damage suffered by civilian nationals of the Allied Powers, in respect of their persons or property, through the action or negligence of the Turkish authorities during the war and up to the coming into force of the present Treaty,' also such restitutions, reparations, and indemnities as may be fixed by the Financial Commission [set up by Art. 231, 4th paragraph] in respect of damages inflicted on the European Commission of the Danube during the war.'

The maps annexed to the Austrian and Hungarian Treaties show what portions of the former AustroHungarian Empire have been detached in favour of Italy (the area of which has yet to be settled), CzechoSlovakia, the Serbo-Croat-Slovene State and Rumania. These leave the Austrian and Hungarian Republics without any sea-ports. To remedy this inconvenience

'Free access to the Adriatic Sea is accorded to Austria and Hungary [by Art. 311 and Art. 294 of the respective Treaties] who with this object will enjoy freedom of transit over the territories and in the ports severed from the former AustroHungarian Monarchy. . . . Freedom of transit will extend to postal, telegraphic and telephonic services.'

It is when we come to examine the Turkish Treaty of Peace that the losses of territory are found far to exceed what either Germany, Austria, Hungary, or Bulgaria has had to accept. These are contained in Part III Political Clauses, Part II Frontiers of Turkey, and are delineated on the maps annexed to the Treaty.

Firstly, as regards Constantinople. It is an open secret that the question whether the possession of this Imperial City, fitted by its geographical position to be the capital of a mighty State, should be left to the Turks, remained undetermined until a very short period before the draft was finally settled. It is greatly to be regretted that no better solution could be found in present circumstances. The notion that the Ottoman Sultan is the recognised head of Mohammedanism, and that his seat, if he be such a head (it is well known that the Mohammedans of Morocco have never recognised him in that capacity), must necessarily be at Constantinople and nowhere else, is as devoid of foundation as the corresponding imagination that the Head of the Roman Catholic Church must be permanently and unalterably established at Rome. The presence of the Ottoman Turk on the northern side of the Bosphorus since 1453 has been the provocative cause of all the wars that have been waged in that part of Europe; and the pacification of the Balkan Peninsula has been despaired of as long as he remains there. It is useless for his partisans to descant upon his social virtues. Every nation has the government that it deserves; and, if he is such a virtuous person as they maintain, how comes it that he has produced such a succession of tyrannical, sanguinaryminded, and corrupt rulers ?

Art. 36 provides that:

'Subject to the provisions of the present Treaty, the High Contracting Parties agree that the rights and title of the Turkish Government over Constantinople shall not be affected, and that the said Government and His Majesty the Sultan shall be entitled to reside there and to maintain there the capital of the Turkish State.

'Nevertheless, in the event of Turkey failing to observe faithfully the provisions of the present Treaty, or of any treaties or conventions supplementary thereto, particularly as regards the protection of the rights of racial, religious or linguistic minorities, the Allied Powers expressly reserve the right to modify the above provisions, and Turkey hereby agrees to accept any dispositions which may be taken in this connexion.'

The frontiers of Turkey in Europe are defined by the Black Sea from the entrance of the Bosphorus to a

point about four and a half miles north-west of Podina, and thence an irregular line terminating on the Sea of Marmora about 25 miles west of Constantinople, thus including an insignificant portion of suburban territory.

The Southern limits, marked on Map No. 2, run from point Karatash Burun, nearly opposite to Alexandretta approximately along the parallel of latitude of 37° eastwards to the Persian frontier, and cut off the Hedjaz, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine. Armenia is declared independent, the frontier between Turkey and Armenia in the vilayets of Erzerum, Trebizond, Van, and Bitlis, with access to the Black Sea, being reserved for arbitration by the President of the United States. The right to independence of the Kurdish areas east of the Euphrates, south of Armenia, and north of the Turkish frontier with Syria and Mesopotamia, is placed under the protection of the League of Nations. Smyrna and the adjacent territory remain under Turkish sovereignty; but Turkey transfers to the Greek Government the exercise of her rights of sovereignty over the city and its territory. Thrace outside the boundary of Constantinople and up to the southern frontier of Bulgaria as defined in the Peace Treaty with that Power falls to Greece. This acquisition of territory, it will be noted, includes Adrianople. Turkey renounces in favour of Italy all rights and title to the islands mentioned in Art. 122 (the Dodecanese and Castellorizzo), which are inhabited by Greeks. In favour of Greece Turkey renounces her rights over the islands of Imbros, Tenedos, Lemnos, Samothrace, Mytilene, Chios, Samos, and Nikaria.

During the recent war and for many years before the Turkish Sultan had exercised the power of closing the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles to the ships of other nations, and especially to war-vessels, on the pretext in later times of an ancient rule of the Ottoman Empire,' never before described in those terms until the conclusion of the Anglo-Turkish Treaty of Jan. 5, 1809. By Art. 37 it is provided first, that

'the navigation of the Straits, including the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora and the Bosphorus, shall in future be open,

both in peace and war, to every vessel of commerce or of war and to military and commercial aircraft, without distinction of flag.'

Second, that

'these waters shall not be subject to blockade, nor shall any belligerent right be exercised nor any act of hostility be committed within them, unless in pursuance of a decision of the Council of the League of Nations.'

By Arts. 38 and 39 the Turkish and Greek Governments, so far as they are respectively concerned, delegate to a Commission to be called the 'Commission of the Straits,' the control of all the waters between the Mediterranean mouth of the Dardanelles and the Black Sea mouth of the Bosphorus, and the waters within three miles of each of these mouths; and the authority of the Commission may be exercised on shore to such an extent as may be necessary for this control.

Art. 40 stipulates for the composition of the Commission of representatives appointed respectively by the United States (if and when that Government is willing to participate), the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Russia (if and when Russia becomes a member of the League of Nations), Greece, Rumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey (if and when the two latter states become members of the League of Nations), each Power appointing one representative. The representatives of the Great Powers are each to have two votes, the other four Powers one vote each. The Commission will be completely independent of the local authority, having its own flag, budget, and separate organisation. Art. 43 enumerates the duties of the Commission, other articles define its powers and rights. Arts. 57 to 61 lay down regulations respecting belligerent warships and prizes passing through the aforesaid waters.

In order to ensure maintenance of the freedom of the Straits, Art. 179 defines the zone of operation of the Commission, as shown on Map No. 1. Briefly speaking, it comprises Constantinople and the adjacent Turkish territory, the coast districts of Thrace ceded to Greece by the Treaty, including the peninsula of Gallipoli, and the coastal districts of Turkish territory in Asia Minor, starting from the Gulf of Adramyttium and

extending eastwards and then northwards to a point on the Black Sea, two kilometres east of the mouth of the Akabad River. Again, from the mouth of the Biyuk Dere on the Black Sea, the line runs in a south-westerly direction to Karachali on the Gulf of Saros. All works, fortifications, and batteries within this zone and on the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace, Tenedos, and Mytilene are to be disarmed and demolished within three months of the Treaty coming into force. There are also certain important provisions regarding roads and railways in the above-mentioned zone, which are placed under the authority of France, Great Britain, and Italy. These three Powers also have the right to maintain in the said territories and islands such military and air forces as they may consider necessary. In the event of the Commission finding that the liberty of passage is being interfered with, it will inform the diplomatic representatives of the three Allied Powers, who will concert with the naval and military commanders of the occupying forces such measures as may be necessary.

The Treaties with Poland, the Serbo-Croat-Slovene State, Czecho-Slovakia, and Rumania, may be regarded as subsidiary to the Peace Treaty with Germany, with Austria and Bulgaria respectively; and a series of treaties of similar import will, it is to be expected, be concluded with Greece as receiving a large accession of territory, and with other States which are formed out of the remaining sacrifices of territory made by Turkey. The basic principles of such Treaties are explained in the covering letter of M. Clemenceau to M. Paderewski, dated May 24, 1919, which was presented to Parliament together with the text of the Treaty; and it is pointed out that it is the established procedure that, when a State is newly created or receives large accessions of territory, it may be required, as a condition of recognition, to undertake compliance with certain principles of government. Accordingly, an article was inserted in the Peace Treaty with Germany, to which Poland was to be a party, whereby the latter State agrees to embody in a Treaty with the Principal Allied and Associated Powers provisions for protecting the interests of racial, linguistic, or