(D) in the case of a student at an approved institution of higher education, any disciplinary action taken by the institution against the alien as a result of the alien's being convicted of a crime or, in the case of a participant in a designated exchange visitor program, any change in the alien's participation as a result of the alien's being convicted of a crime.

(2) FERPA. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 shall not apply to aliens described in subsection (a) to the extent that the Attorney General determined necessary to carry out the program under subsection (a).

(3) ELECTRONIC COLLECTION. The information described in paragraph (1) shall be collected electronically, where practicable. * * *

(d) PARTICIPATION BY INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND EXCHANGE VISITOR PROGRAMS.

(1) CONDITION. The information described in subsection (c) shall be provided by as a condition of

(A) in the case of an approved institution of higher education, the continued approval of the institution under subparagraph (F) or (M) of section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act; and

(B) in the case of an approved institution of higher education or a designated exchange visitor program, the granting of authority to issue documents to an alien demonstrating the alien's eligibility for a visa under subparagraph (F), (J), or (M) of section 101(a)(15) of such Act.

(2) EFFECT AND FAILURE TO PROVIDE INFORMATION. If an approved institution of higher education or a designated exchange visitor program fails to provide the specified information, such approvals and such issuance of visas shall be revoked or denied. * * *

(f) JOINT REPORT. Not later than 4 years after the commencement of the program established under subsection (a), the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of Education shall jointly submit to the Committees on the Judiciary of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on the operations of the program and the feasibility of expanding the program to cover the nationals of all countries. ✶ ✶✶

THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE POLICY PAPER SERIES

#45: Between Damascus and Jerusalem: Lebanon and Middle East Peace by Habib C. Malik

#44: Iran's Economic Morass: Mismanagement and Decline under the Islamic Republic by Eliyahu Kanovsky

#43: Revolution at a Crossroads: Iran's Domestic Politics and Regional Ambitions by David Menashri

#42: Iranian Military Power: Capabilities and Intentions by Michael Eisenstadt

#41: Partner or Pariah? Attitudes Toward Israel in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan by Hilal Khashan

#40: Syria Beyond the Peace Process by Daniel Pipes

#39: Between Pragmatism and Ideology: The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, 1989– 1994 by Sabah el-Said

#38: The Economy of Saudi Arabia: Troubled Present, Grim Future by Eliyahu Kanovsky

#37: After King Fahd: Succession in Saudi Arabia by Simon Henderson

#36: Like a Phoenix from the Ashes? The Future of Iraqi Military Power by Michael Eisenstadt

#35: Radical Middle East States and U.S. Policy by Barry Rubin

#34: Peace with Security: Israel's Minimal Security Requirements in Negotiations with Syria by Ze'ev Schiff

#33: Iran's Challenge to the West: How, When, and Why by Patrick Clawson

#32: “The Arab Street?" Public Opinion in the Arab World by David Pollock

#31: _Arming for Peace? Syria's Elusive Quest for "Strategic Parity" by Michael Eisenstadt

#30: The Economic Consequences of the Persian Gulf War: Accelerating OPEC's Demise by Eliyahu Kanovsky

#29: King Hussein's Strategy of Survival by Uriel Dann

#28: The Arrow Next Time? Israel's Missile Defense Program for the 1990s by Marvin Feuerwerger

#27: Palestinian Self-Government (Autonomy): Its Past and Its Future by Harvey Sicherman

#26: Damascus Courts the West: Syrian Politics, 1989-1991 by Daniel Pipes

#25: Economic Consequences of Peace for Israel, the Palestinians, and Jordan by Patrick Clawson and Howard Rosen

#24: The Future of Iraq by Laurie Mylroie

#23: "The Poor Man's Atomic Bomb?" Biological Weapons in the Middle East by Seth Carus

#22: Jerusalem by Teddy Kollek

#21: "The Sword of the Arabs": Iraq's Strategic Weapons by Michael Eisenstadt #20: OPEC Ascendant? Another Case of Crying Wolf by Eliyahu Kanovsky

#19: In Through the Out Door: Jordan's Disengagement and the Peace Process by Asher Susser

#18: At Arm's Length: Soviet-Syrian Relations in the Gorbachev Era by John Hannah

#17: Unaffordable Ambitions: Syria's Military Build-Up and Economic Crisis by Patrick Clawson

#16: Hezbollah's Vision of the West by Martin Kramer

#15: Security for Peace: Israel's Minimal Security Requirements in Negotiations with the Palestinians by Ze'ev Schiff

#14: The Unleashed: Iraq's Chemical and Biological Weapons Productions by Seth Carus

#13: The PLO's New Policy: Evolution Until Victory by Barry Rubin

#12: Development Diplomacy: U.S. Economic Assistance to the West Bank and Gaza by Joyce Starr

#11: Changing the Balance of Risks: U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Harvey Sicherman

#10: Army and Politics in Mubarak's Egypt by Robert Satloff

#9: Formalizing the Strategic Partnership: The Next Step in U.S.-Israel Relations by Stuart Eizenstat

#8: Double Jeopardy: PLO Strategy Toward Israel and Jordan by Asher Susser
#7: Peace by Piece; A Decade of Egyptian Policy Toward Israel by Ehud Ya'ari
#6: Another Oil Shock in the 1990s? A Dissenting View by Eliyahu Kanovsky

#5: "They Cannot Stop Our Tongues": Islamic Activism in Jordan by Robert Satloff
#4: Israel's Strategic Reality: The Impact of the Arms Race by Hirsh Goodman
#3: The PLO's Intractable Foreign Policy by Barry Rubin

#2: Israel's Eroding Edge in the Middle East Military Balance by Ze'ev Schiff #1: Acting with Caution: Middle East Policy Planning for the Reagan Administration by Dennis Ross

THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE POLICY FOCUS SERIES

#33: Islamism Across the Green Line: Relations Among Islamist Movements in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza by Elie Rekhess

#32: Jordan-Israel Peace: Taking Stock, 1994-1997 by Lori Plotkin

#31: Israel and the Gulf: New Security Frameworks for the Middle East by Dore Gold

#30: Jordan-Israel Peace, Year One: Laying the Foundation by Steven A. Cook #29: An Islamic Republic of Algeria? Implications for the Middle East and the West by Gideon Gera

#28: Extending the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty: The Middle East Debate by Shai Feldman

#27: Proliferation for Profit: North Korea in the Middle East by Joseph S. Bermudez,

Jr.

#26: Tourism Cooperation in the Levant by Patrick Clawson

#25: Toward a Syrian-Israeli Peace Agreement: Perspective of a Former Negotiator by Yossi Olmert

#24: Peace Through Entrepreneurship: Practical Ideas from Middle Eastern Business Leaders by Erturk Deger, M. Shafik Gabr, and Benjamin Gaon

#23: Russian Arms Sales Policy Toward the Middle East by Andrei Volpin

#22: The Vindication of Sadat in the Arab World by Saad Eddin Ibrahim

#21: Iraq: Options for U.S. Policy by Laurie Mylroie

#20: Water and the Peace Process: Two Perspectives by Shlomo Gur and Munther Haddadin

#19: Hamas: The Fundamentalist Challenge to the PLO by Clinton Bailey

#18: Baghdad Between Shi'a and Kurds by Ofra Bengio

#17: The Arab States and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process: Linkage or Disengagement? by Barry Rubin

#16: Toward Middle East Peace Negotiations: Israeli Postwar Political-Military Options in an Era of Accelerated Change by Dore Gold

#15: Israel and the Gulf Crisis: Changing Security Requirements on the Eastern Front by Dore Gold

#14: Iraq's Economic and Military Vulnerabilities by Patrick Clawson and Seth Carus

#13: The Arab-Israeli Peace Process: A Trip Report by Harvey Sicherman, Graeme Bannerman, Martin Indyk, and Samuel Lewis

#12: Inside the PLO: Officials, Notables and Revolutionaries by Barry Rubin
#11: Palestinian Elections: Working Out the Modalities by Larry Garber
#10: Toward Israeli-Palestinian Disengagement by Ehud Ya'ari

RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE

Building for Security and Peace in the Middle East: An American Agenda-A comprehensive blueprint for U.S.-Middle East policy during the second Clinton administration, from the Institute's bipartisan Presidential Study Group.

The Future of U.S.-Israel Strategic Cooperation-An examination by Shai Feldman of the origins of U.S.-Israeli strategic cooperation and an exploration of the ways in which America's victory in the Cold War as well as progress made in the Arab-Israeli peace process can be used to build a deeper, more integrated bilateral defense relationship in the years ahead.

Making Peace with the PLO: The Rabin Government's Road to the Oslo Accord— A detailed assessment of the personal, domestic, and international factors that led Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, and Israel's Labor government to conduct the secret negotiations that resulted in the historic Israeli-Palestinian peace accords, by Ha'aretz and U.S. News and World Report correspondent David Makovsky.

Supporting Peace: America's Role in an Israel-Syria Peace Agreement-A report by Michael Eisenstadt, Andrew Bacevich, and Carl Ford on the role that U.S. forces could play in monitoring and maintaining an Israeli-Syria peace agreement.

Approaching Peace: American Interests in Israeli-Palestinian Final Status TalksA collection of essays presenting specific policy recommendations for Washington's role in reaching a final peace agreement. The contributors are Samuel Lewis, Hermann Eilts, Richard Haass, Peter Rodman, Eugene Rostow, William Quandt, Harvey Sicherman, and Kenneth Stein.

Peacewatch: The Arab-Israeli Peace Process and U.S. Policy-A comprehensive documentary record of the Arab-Israeli peace process from January 1993 to March 1994, including analysis by scholars and associates of The Washington Institute.

Democracy in the Middle East: Defining the Challenge-A Washington Institute Monograph featuring Graham Fuller, Mohammed Abdelbeki Hermassi, Martin Kramer, Joshua Muravchik, and Laurie Mylroie.

Enduring Partnership: Report of the Commission on U.S.-Israel Relations-A blueprint for U.S.-Israel relations in the post-Cold War era by a distinguished bipartisan panel including Walter Mondale, Alexander Haig, Charles Krauthammer, Michael Mandelbaum, Stuart Eizenstat, and Joseph Sisco.

UN Security Council Resolution 242: The Building Block of Peacemaking—A collection of papers examining the resolution's history and relevance for current ArabIsraeli negotiations, featuring Adnan Abu Odeh, Nabil Elaraby, Meir Rosenne, Eugene Rostow, Dennis Ross, and Vernon Turner.

Democracy and Arab Political Culture-An examination by Elie Kedourie of the political traditions of Islam and the introduction of Western ideas into the Middle East in the 19th century.

The Politics of Change in the Middle East-A collection of essays by distinguished scholars examining political stability and regime succession, edited by Robert Satloff.

For a complete catalogue of Washington Institute publications, contact: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 1050, Washington, D.C. 20036; Phone (202) 452-0650; Fax (202) 223-5364; E-mail: info@washingtoninstitute.org; Internet: www.washingtoninstitute.org.

THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY

(An educational foundation supporting scholarly research and informed debate on U.S. interests in the Near East)

Executive Committee: Michael Stein, President; Charles Adler, Robert Goldman, Walter P. Stern, Vice President; Barbi Weinberg, Chairman; Fred Lafer, Secretary/ Treasurer; Richard S. Abramson, Richard Borow, Benjamin Breslauer, Maurice Deane, Leonard Goodman, Roger Hertog, Fred Schwartz, and Bernard S. White.

Board of advisors: Warren Christopher, Alexander Haig, Max M. Kampelman, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Edward Luttwak Michael Mandelbaum, Robert C. McFarlane,

Martin Peretz, Richard Perle, James Roche, Eugene V. Rostow, George P. Shultz, Paul Wolfowitz, Mortimer Zuckerman, and Samuel W. Lewis, Counselor.

Institute staff: Patrick Clawson, Hirsh Goodman, Joshua Muravchik, Daniel Pipes, Harvey Sicherman, Adjunct Scholars; Nina Bisgyer, Office Manager; Michael Grossman, Director of Outreach; Anne van den Avond, Development and Programs; Rebecca Medina, Development Assistant; Laura Hannah, Financial Officer; Patrick Garrett, Financial Assistant; Bill Tucker, Administrative Assistant; Robert Satloff, Executive Director; Ze'ev Schiff, Ehud Ya'ari, Associates; Abbas_Kelidar, Moshe Ma'oz, Salay Meridor, Duygu Bazoglu Sezer, Asher Susser, Joshua Teitelbaum, 1997 Visiting Fellows; Lt. Col. James Moschgat, USAF, Lt. Col. Chuck Wilson, USAF, National Defense Fellows; Lt. Col. Dror Ben David, Israeli Air Force, Lt. Col. Fuat Clisir, Turkish Air Force, Visiting Military Fellows; Megan Fisher, Jonathan Lincoln, Pamela Mills, Koray Bulut, Research Interns; Michael Eisenstadt, Alan Makovsky, Senior Fellows; Kenneth Pollack, Research Fellow; Hillary Mann, Associate Fellow; Robert Danin, Scholar-in-Residence; John Wilner, Director of Publications; Jon B. Alterman, Zoe Gedal, Soref Fellows; Karen Dunn, Hillary Ebenstein, Eytan Fisch, Stuart Frisch, Rachel Ingber, Yonca Poyraz-Dogan, Research Assist

ants.

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity for the United States Customs Service to submit a statement for the record on the subject of foreign terrorism in America, and the role the Customs Service plays in combating this threat.

As the primary border interdiction agency at U.S. ports of entry, the Customs Service is involved in several initiatives to combat foreign terrorism in the United States, as well as deter the export of weapons, chemicals, and technology to foreign terrorist groups and their sponsor nations. These initiatives demonstrate the commitment of the Customs Service to protecting our ports and borders against terrorist activity. As the Subcommittee is already aware, terrorist activity includes more than attacks. It is clear that terrorist groups also conduct recruiting, fund raising, and material procurement in and from the United States. As described more fully below, the Customs Service works to better limit terrorists' ability to operate freely across our borders.

Under the 1996 Omnibus Appropriation, the Customs Service received $62.3 million, which included positions, examination equipment and an automated targeting system to support antiterrorism efforts at major U.S. international airports and combat terrorist activities. The Customs Service has provided the largest international airports with resources to increase aviation safety, and security against acts of terrorism. Inspector positions have been assigned to outbound teams with the responsibility of supporting aviation security/antiterrorism efforts at the highest threat locations. Customs special agents have been assigned to support outbound inspections and concurrent aviation security efforts. These agents are working with FBI-sponsored Joint Terrorism Task Forces and other agencies to assist in terrorism-related investigations which may involve a Customs violation. All newly assigned inspectors and agents will receive Antiterrorism/Aviation Safety and Security training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center this spring.

To support efforts to screen baggage and cargo, $35.0 million was specifically appropriated to purchase equipment. Planned use of this funding includes: Mobile xray vans with explosive and radiation detection technology for the inspection of baggage and small cargo; tool trucks that supply the necessary tools for the effective and efficient examination of air cargo; mail x-ray systems that screen mail and courier parcels for bombs and explosives; mail particle detectors that can detect explosive particles; and radiation pagers to address the threat of nuclear terrorism, proliferation, and smuggling. This equipment is currently being delivered to the international airports. In addition, for joint-use with airport entities, the Heavy Cargo Pallet X-Ray, capable of x-raying full air cargo containers, will be field tested in July 1998.

The Customs Radiation Detection Program was developed in concert with the Department of Energy and the Department of Defense. This program is currently being implemented throughout the United States, and provides the nation with an effective first-line defense against the smuggling of dangerous nuclear materials into or out of the country.

Since October 1, 1997, the Customs Service has made many significant interdictions that support aviation safety and security at international airports that have received resources under this initiative. Customs has supported anti-terrorism and

aviation safety and security efforts by: responding to airline requests for screening luggage and cargo for weapons; working cooperatively with the FBI and airport entities to assist in effecting three terrorist-related arrests on aircraft; interdicting over 70 firearm seizures in baggage and cargo; and stopping over 60 shipments of hazardous materials and dangerous goods, which would have been placed on aircraft in violation of regulations.

To further improve the nation's defenses against terrorism, Customs is actively participating in Joint Terrorism Task Forces. Sponsored by the FBI, these task forces are located at 15 sites throughout the United States. Thirteen of these task forces are staffed with a full-time Customs agent funded under the 1996 Omnibus Appropriation. Two task forces are supported by part-time Customs agents not funded under the Omnibus Appropriation. These task forces were initiated by the FBI, who requested full-time Customs support in the investigation of terrorist activity at selected cities. Customs agents bring expertise to these task forces in matters of illegal exports, arms smuggling, international money laundering, and trans-border fraud. These agents can thus assist the Joint Terrorism Task Forces when dealing with terrorist groups who commit these crimes as a part of their activities. Additional staffing is available to supplement the task forces from Customs field office export group agents.

Pursuant to Presidential guidance on this matter, the Customs Service is coordinating its counter-terrorism efforts at the national level. To this end, Customs is providing personnel to support the FBI. This effort involves the assignment of intelligence research specialists and special agents to specific counter-terrorism units within the FBI. A special agent has been assigned to the FBI Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) unit within the Domestic Terrorism Section. A second special agent coordinates Customs antiterrorism program efforts with the FBI, other law enforcement agencies, and provides agent support to the intelligence community. Customs agents will assist the FBI in operational planning and investigation of terrorist activity, where there is Customs jurisdiction. Customs agents will also assist in FBI foreign and domestic training of law enforcement officers.

In an effort to contribute to the federal government's efforts to deter, disrupt, and defeat terrorism directed against the United States, the U.S. Customs Service, Intelligence and Communications Division has created a new section composed of intelligence specialists dedicated to uncovering the domestic and international terrorist financial support networks.

The Customs Service is also currently assigning Customs intelligence research specialists to support the CIA Counter Terrorism Center, and a special agent is assigned to the CIA Intelligence Directorate's Non-proliferation Center.

The Customs Service also seeks to combat terrorism through its investigative activity. Customs works to deny foreign states, identified with supporting or using terrorism, the means to subsidize terrorist groups or activities. Furthermore, the Customs Service actively conducts investigations to counter the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, especially as relates to nations which promote terrorism. These investigations include the unlawful exportation and smuggling of Weapons of Mass Destruction, or the components thereof. The Customs Service vigorously investigates the illegal export, or diversion, of dual use commodities as defined by the Export Administration Regulations. The Customs Service is also responsible for conducting investigations of violations of U.S. economic sanctions, as imposed by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, which primarily affect nations which have been found to support or employ terrorism, such as Libya, Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Cuba, and the Sudan.

The Customs Service is also providing training support to various antiterrorism and non-proliferation efforts both domestically and overseas. These programs include Customs antiterrorism training for agents and inspectors, the domestic radiation detection program, and several non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction initiatives in foreign countries.

To enhance some of the foregoing efforts, $16 million was specifically authorized to further develop the Automated Targeting System (ATS) to identify cargo shipments that may pose safety or security threats. The ATS is a system that is used to assist in identifying importations which pose a substantial risk of containing weapons, explosives, or other contraband. The ATS provides a score, based upon numerical weights assigned to specific rules, which assist in targeting high-risk shipments for examination. The funds allocated for a targeting system under the antiterrorism initiative will be used to identify the architecture that will support the ATS for the air import and export environment, to build a set of rules that can be used for antiterrorism, and to procure hardware for airports. A prototype test of this system is scheduled to take place at JFK International Airport in June 1998.