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[§ 45, b.

FURTHER CORRUPTION OF THE ALEXANDRIAN VERSION.

After the time of Eusebius and Pamphilus, the hexaplary text was copied, with its critical marks and the fragments of other versions in the margin. But this work was badly performed, and innumerable errors arose. The critical marks were confounded; an obelisk was taken for an asterisk, and the reverse. The names of the different versions were misplaced; sometimes the critical marks were omitted, and the several versions were confounded together. Overwise transcribers in

Com. in Daniel. Schol. in Psalterium Græc. Vatic. ad Ps. 12: Ovx EXEITO παρ' οὐδενὶ ἐν Τετρασελίδῳ, οὔτε ἐν τῷ Εὐσεβίου τοῦ Παμφίλου, οὔτε èv 10 E qaïx. Hody, p. 260. See Montfaucon, p. 43, sqq.

A collection of the hexaplary fragments was first made by Petr. Morinus, in the Sixtine edition of the LXX.; Rom. 1587, (which is falsely, though commonly, ascribed to Flaminius Nobilius; see Eichstädt, 1. c. p. 135;) then by Jo. Drusius, Vet. Interpret. Græc. in totum V. T., &c. Fragmenta coll. Vers. et Notis illustr.; Arnh. 1662, 4to.; by Martianay, in vol. ii. of his edition of Jerome; Par. 1699; by Montfaucon, Hexapl. Origenis quæ supersunt multis Partibus auctiora, quam a Flam. Nobilio (a P. Morino) et J. Drusio edita fuerint: ex MSS. et ex Libris editis eruit et Notis illustravit. Accedunt Opuscula quædam Origenis Anecdota et ad Calcem Lexicon Hebr. ex Veterum Interpretationibus concinn. itemque Lex. Gr. etc. tom. i. ii.; Par. 1714, fol. Hexapl. Origenis, quæ supersunt auctiora et emendatiora, quam a Flam. Nobilio, J. Drusio, et tandem a Bern. de Montfaucon concinnata fuerant, ed. Notisque illustr. C. F. Bahrdt, pt. i. ii.; Lips. 1769, 1770, 8vo. Compare J. Fr. Fischer, Proluss. de Verss. Græc. Libr. V. T., &c. p. 34. Chrestomathia hexap. adornata a J. G. Trendelenburg; Lips. 1794. See the more recent contributions to this collection by Döderlein, in Eichhorn's Repert. vol. i. and vi. Scharfenberg, Duæ Specimina, &c.; Lips. 1776-1778. Matthäi, in Eichhorn's Repert. vol. iv. See other works on this subject in Rosenmüller, 1. c. p. 465, sqq. See J. F. Schleusner, Opuscula crit. ad Vers. Græc. V. T. pertinentes; Lips. 1812. See an attempt to restore the hexaplary text, in Jerem. Vates e Versione Judæorum Alex. ac Reliquorum Intt. Gr. emend. Notisque crit. illustr. a G. L. Spohn; Lips. 1794, vol. ii. ed. Fr. A. Guil. Spohn, 1824. [See Eichhorn, Allg. Bib. vol. vi. p. 331, sqq.]

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serted passages of still other Greek versions in the margin. From this corrupt text, the citations of the Seventy by Fathers who lived before Origen, have been corrected, and they are thus made to cite an author they never knew. Philo is sometimes made to quote Aquila's version. Justin Martyr has been corrected from interpolated copies of the Seventy.]"

§ 46.

OTHER CRITICAL RECENSIONS.

On account of the unreasonable and careless use of Origen's critical work, new corruptions were introduced into the text of the Seventy. For this reason, Lucian (who died about 311 A. C.) and Hesychius undertook to make new recensions of the text of this version. Their works came into public use, but nothing is now left of them, and the accounts thereof are too imperfect to afford the critic any assistance.

Suidas says of Lucian, that, "Seeing the sacred books contained much which was not authentic, (for many things in them had been corrupted by time, by continual transcription, and also by some wicked men; and besides, they who favored Hellenism endeavored to pervert the sense of the books, and sowed falsehood in them,) he took all of them [which he could obtain] and renewed them from the Hebrew tongue, in which he was

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[See Eichhorn, § 173. Jerome complains of this corruption, Præf. I. in Paralip.: Si LXX. interpretum pura et ut ab eis in Græcum versa est editio permanent; superflue me...... .... impelleres, ut Hebræa tibi volumina Latino sermone transferrem nunc vero cum pro varietate regionum diversa ferantur exemplaria, et germana illa antiquaque translatio corrupta sit atque violata, nostri arbitrii putas, aut e pluribus judicare, quod verum sit, aut novum opus in veteri opere cudere, &c.]

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pretty well skilled, and bestowed great labor upon this recension." Nicetas says, "He translated the Hebrew books into Greek." a

Jerome thus speaks of Lucian's work: "I briefly tell you this, that you may know there is one edition [of the Seventy] which Origen, and Eusebius of Cæsarea, and all the Greek writers, call the common, and generally used, and which is now called Lucian's by many; and another edition of the Seventy, which is found in the hexaplary manuscripts." Again he says, "The churches in Alexandria and Egypt cite Hesychius as the author of their recension of the Seventy. Those in Constantinople, and as far as Antioch, approve the copies of Lucian the Martyr. The provinces which lie midway between these, make use of the Palestine copies; and so all the world is separated into this triple division."

Suidas, sub voce Дovxiavós, follows Simeon Metaphrastes, and says: Obros τὰς ἱερὰς βίβλους ἰδὼν πολὺ τὸ νόθον εἰσδεξαμένας, τοῦτε χρόνου λυμη ναμένου πολλὰ τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς, καὶ τῆς συνεχοῦς ἀφ' ἑτέρων εἰς ἕτερα μεταθέσεως, καὶ μέν τοι καί τινων ἀνθρώπων πονηροτάτων, οἱ τοῦ ̔Ελληνισμοῦ προεστήκεσαν, παραστρέψαι τὸν ἐν αὐταῖς νοῦν πειρασαμένων καὶ πολὺ τὸ κίβδηλον ἐν ταὐταῖς σπειράντων· αὐτὸς ἁπάσας ἀναλαβὼν ἐκ τῆς Εβραίδος ἀνενεώσατο γλώττης, ἣν καὶ αὐτὴν ἀκριβωκὼς ἐς τὰ μάλιστα ἦν, πόνον τῇ ἐπανορθώσει πλεῖστον εἰσενεγκάμενος, Nicetas, Proem. Com. in Psalm.: Τὰς Ἰουδαίων βίβλους εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν διάλεξιν μετατίθησιν. The Synopsis, and Euthymius, (Com. in Psalm., cited in Hody, p. 626, sq.,) are of the same opinion.

Jerome, Ep. ad Sunniam et Fretelam, Opp. ii. p. 627: In quo illud breviter admoneo, ut sciatis aliam esse editionem, quam Origenes et Cæsar. Eusebius omnesque Græciæ tractatores xový, i. e. communem, appellant atque vulgatam, et a plerisque nunc Дovxiavós dicitur; aliam LXX. interpretum, quæ in ¿§andois codicibus reperietur. Præf. in Paralip.: Alexandria et Ægyptus in LXX. suis Hesychium laudat autorem: Constantinopolis usque Antiochiam Luciani Martyris exemplaria probat. Mediæ inter hac provincia Palestinos codices legunt, totusque orbis hac inter se triferia varietate compugnat.

Holmes thinks the Tetrapla lay at the bottom of the works of Lucian and Hesychius."

It seems Basil the Great merely procured correct copies to be made; for George Syncellus says, "A very correct copy, belonging to the library at Cæsarea, fell into my hands, and in the superscription it was said, that the great and divine Basilius had compared and revised the books it contained." [But Basil's recension seems to have been made for his own private use, and was, perhaps, never transcribed.

Thus it seems that, in the time of Jerome, three different editions of the Seventy were in use under the sanction of the several churches, and with their authority, namely, Origen's Hexapla in Palestine, the text of Hesychius in Egypt, and that of Lucian in Constantinople and its vicinity. No wonder the existing manuscripts have come down to us with so many corruptions. Eichhorn is of the opinion that the original text might yet, in great measure, be restored. He proposes that the citations in Philo, Josephus, and the Fathers, the great mass of manuscripts, the scholia they contain, and the Catenas, should all be compared together. The glossaries of Suidas and Hesychius, with the various translations of the Alexandrian version, would aid in the work.]

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Holmes, 1. c. sect. 8, sqq. See Amersfoordt, l. c. p. 113, sqq. Huet, Origen. lib. iii. ch. ii. sect. 4, § 10, p. 261, gives them the hexaplary marks, in which he follows Jerome's Ep. 74, ad August.

Georg. Syncellus, Chronog. p. 203: 'Ev inì àvuygȧgọ Mar 4×gißwuérọ ἐκ τῆς ἐν Καισαρείᾳ τῆς Καππαδοκίας ἐλθόντι εἰς ἐμὲ βιβλιοθήκης, ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἐπεγέγραπτο, ὡς ὁ μέγας καὶ θεῖος Βασίλειος τὰ, ἐξ ὧν ἐκεῖνο ἀπεγράφη, ἀντιβαλὼν διορθώσατο βιβλία. See Amersfoordt, l. c. p. 21. Carpzov, Crit. sac. p. 533.

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§ 47.

MANUSCRIPTS AND EDITIONS.

Since these different critical recensions contributed more to the corruption than to the improvement of the text, in the time of Jerome it had fallen into a very lamentable state. Thus he says, "The common edition is different in different places, all the world over." And again, "It is corrupted every where to meet the views of the place and time, or the caprice of the transcribers." Our present manuscripts represent it in this corrupt state. No one of these recensions is found pure; for they have flowed together, and become mixed also with the other Greek versions. Different and some

Jerome, Præf. in Paralip. Proëm. in lib. xvi. Com. in Jes. Ep. ad Sunniam et Fretelam, Opp. ii. p. 627. See above, p. 179, b. Masius, Annot. in Vers. Gr. Josuæ, p. 125. Jo. Morinus, Antiq. Eccles. orient. p. 273; ed. Lond. Is. Voss. Præf. ad Append. ad Librum de LXX. Intt. Montfaucon, Prælim. c. 4, § 5, p. 43. Grabe, Præf. ad ed. LXX. tom. ii. c. 1, prop. 13. Epist. ad Mill. p. 47. Stroth, Catalogues of MSS. of the LXX. in Eichhorn's Rep. vol v. p. 104, sq. Holmes, Prolegg. ad ed. LXX. See Amersfoordt, l. c. p. 114, sqq., p. 133, sqq. Hody, p. 637, sq. Jahn, Einl. vol. i. p. 171, sqq. Catalogues of MSS. are given by Stroth, in Rep. vols. v., viii., xi. Holmes, l. c. cap. 2, 3. Facsimile of the Cod. Alex.: Vet. Test. Gr. e. Cod. MS. Alex. qui Londini in Biblioth. Musei Britann. asservatur, Typis ad Similitudinem Cod. Scripturæ fideliter descriptum. Cur. Henr. Harveji Baber, vol. i. 1823, gr. fol.

See Le Long, Bib. sac. ed. Masch, vol. ii. p. 262. Rosenmüller, Handbuch, vol. ii. p. 279. Grabe, Prolegg. ad ed. LXX. i. 3. Lamb. Bos, Prolegg. ad ed. LXX. Fabricius, Bib. Græc. vol. iii. p. 673, sqq., ed. Harles, Carpzov, Crit. sac. p. 533, sqq. Amersfoordt, 1. c. p. 23, sqq. Morus, ed. Eichstädt, p. 103, sqq.

There are four important editions, with their descendants, namely: I. Bibl. Polyglott.; Complut. 1514-1517, fol. On the critical character of this text, see Lamb. Bos, 1. c. ch. 2. On the contrary, Eichhorn, Einleit. § 181. Allg. Bib. vol. i. p. 851. Holmes, 1. c. ch. 4. 1. Bibl. Polyglott.; Antverp. (Regia,) 1572, fol. 2. Polyglott. Bertrami (Vatabli, Heidelb.,) with the various editions: Ex offic. Sanctandreana; 1588, fol. Ex off. Sanctandr.; 1587, fol. Ex. off. Commelin.; 1599, fol. Ex off. Commel.; 1616, fol.

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