tion of Semler," they attained the form in which they have been embraced by the moderns, and in part further developed. A reaction took place on the side of the Catholic Church in the conservative criticism of J. Jahn and J. L. Hug. But Bertholdt followed in the path which had been broken by Eichhorn and others. He reunited all parts of the Bible, and treated it as a whole in his Introduction. The love of hypothesis, which prevails to excess in his book, is opposed to the more valuable negative criticism. K. A. Credner has attempted to satisfy the want of positive results in regard to the

Apparatus ad liberalem Vet. Test. Interpretationem; Hal. 1773. Appar. ad liberal. N. T. Interpretat.; Hal. 1767. Abhandl. von freier Untersuch. des Kanon. 4 Thle.; Halle, 1771-75. Vorbereit. zur theolog. Hermeneutik. St. 1-5, 1760-69.

J. Fr. Güte, Entwurf z. Einl. ins A. T.; Halle, 1787. J. Babor, allg. Einl. in die Schr. d. A. T.; Wien, 1794. G. L. Bauer, Entwurf e. histor.-krit. Einl. in d. Schr. d. A. T.; Nürnb. u. Altd. 1794; 3 verb. A. 1806. Ej. Crit. sac. V. T.; Lips. 1795. J. Chr. W. Augusti, Grundriss e. hist.-krit. Einl. ins A. T.; Lpz. 1806; 2 A. 1827. H. K. A. Hanlein, Handb. d. Einl. in d. Schr. d. N. T. 2 Thle.; Erl. 1794-1802; 2 verb. A. 1802-1809, 3 Thle. His Lehrb. d. Einl. etc.; Erl. 1802. G. F. Griesinger, Einl. in d. Schr. d. N. B.; Stuttg. 1799. J. E. Chr. Schmidt, hist.-krit. Einl. ins N. T.; Giess. 1804, 5, 2 Thle. J. G. Eichhorn, Einl. in d. N. T.; Lpz. 1 Thl. 1804; 2 A. 1820; 2 u. 3 Thl. 1810-14, 4to.; 5 Thl. 1827.

Einl. in d. göttl. Bücher d. A. B.; Wien, 1793; 2 g. umgearb. A.; Wien, 1802, 3, 2 Thle. in 3 Bden. Introduct. in Libros sac. Vet. Fœd. in Compendium red.; ib. 1805; ed. 2, 1815. Ackermann, Introd. in Librr. V. Fad.; ib. 1826.

Einl. in d. Biicher d. N. T.; 1 Hft., Bas. 1797. Einl. in die Schr. d. N. T.; Tüb. 1808, 2 Thle.; 2 A. 1821; 3 A. 1826; [translated by G. Wait, Lond. 1827, 2 vols. 8vo.; also by D. Fosdick, Andover, 1836, 1 vol. 8vo., with notes by Prof. Stuart.] Feilmoser, Einl. in d. BB. d. N. B.; Tüb. 1830, 2 Aufl.

Histor.-krit. Einleit. in sämt. Kanon und Apoc. Schriften d. A. und N. T.; Erlangen, 1812-19, 6 parts.

[That is, Bertholdt did not treat each of the three divisions of the Bible, mentioned in § 3, independently, but proceeded as if those divisions did not exist.]

Einleitung in d. N. T.; 1 Thl. 1, 2 Abth. 1836. Beiträge zur Einleit. in d. bibl. schriften, 1 B. 1832; 2, 1838.

New Testament, while H. A. Ch. Hävernik has sought to reestablish the old prescriptive opinions respecting the Old Testament.

a

Handbuch der hist.-krit. Einleitung in d. A. T.; 1 Thl. 1 Abth. 1836; 2 Abth. 1837; 2 Thl. 1 Abth. 1839. Hengstenberg preceded him, in this direction, by his Beiträge, 1 Thl. 1831; 2 Thl. 1836; 3 Thl. 1839. Pareau, Institut. interpret. V. T., (Traj., 1822,) contains much that pertains to the department of introduction to the Bible. Cellérier, Introduction à la Lecture des Livres saints, 1 vol. Anc. Test.; Geneva, 1832. Horne, Introduction to the Critical Study of the Holy Scripture; 2 vols. Lond. 1821, second edition. [Mr. Horne's work has reached several editions in America. We have used that of 1825, 4 vols. 8vo., and sometimes that of 1836, 2 vols. 8vo. Hävernik, 1. c., very properly calls it an unimportant book. It is, however, a tolerable compilation of much that has been written in Latin and English on one side of the subject. It has little merit, except as a guide to the literature of the subject. It takes the stand-point of superstitious reverence for the letter. The work of Cellérier is still less valuable.] See other less important works in Rosenmüller's Handbuch, vol. i. p. 96, sqq. Bertholdt, 1. c. vol. i. p. 29, sqq. These, as well as other single contributions to introduction to the Bible, will be referred to in their proper place.

PART I.

OF THE BIBLE-COLLECTION IN GENERAL.

BOOK I.

NAME, CONSTITUENT PORTIONS, ORDER, AND DIVISION OF THE BIBLE.

§ 7.

NAMES OF THE BIBLE.

[A considerable time before the birth of Christ, the sacred writings of the Jews much as they differ in respect to their authors, subjects, and the dates of their composition were spoken of as a whole; but they were not mentioned under one definite, general title before the first century after Christ. Before this time, the writers yet remaining fluctuate between the most general terms "The Book," "The Scriptures," in its loftiest sense, or the "Holy Scriptures." Sometimes they indicate the whole collection by the parts of which it is composed, that is, by the "Law, Prophets, and Psalms:" sometimes they speak of credible books written by the prophets, sometimes of sacred writings preserved in the temple, and sometimes of a sacred library. Afterwards, following the example of Paul, as some suppose, these writings were named the "old cove2

VOL. I.

nant," in opposition to the new, which Christ had established."]

1. General names:- the Bible, tà Biẞhia, sc. Jɛła;* Βιβλία, θεῖα the Holy Scriptures, or the Scriptures, iɛgà roag, Jɛĩa roagi, ȧría roag), Bibliotheca Sancta.

b

2. Names of the first part :-, Chaldee, 20, ἡ γραφὴ, (2 Pet. i. 20;) αἱ γραφαί, (Matt. xxii. 29, Acts xviii. 24;), roagai aríai, (Rom. i. 2 ;) ἱερὰ irgà roάuuata, (2 Tim. iii. 15.) po p, p, tà βιβλία, πτήση, ὁ νόμος, (John xii. 34;) ὁ νόμος, οἱ προφῆται καὶ οἱ ψαλμοί, (Luke xxiv. 44 ;) ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται, (Acts xxviii. 23 ;)' ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται καὶ τὰ ἄλλα βιβλία, (Prologue to Jesus of Sirach ;)

pare Neh. viii. 8, where the word is used in a different sense;), mare, Bißhía tñs nahaiãs diadýans, Vetus Testamentum sive Instrumentum. Comparелαλιὰ διαθήκη, in 2 Cor. iii. 14, with βίβλος τῆς διαθήκης (1 Mac. i. 57; 2 Kings xxiii. 2, in the Septuagint version.) It has this name on account of the biblical view of the religious life as a bond (communion) between God and man.

C

3. Names of the second part:-Aлózovga," sc. ßißhía, Απόκρυφα, βιβλία,

p. 696.

Martianay, Prolog. i. § 1, in divin. Bibliotheca Hieronymi. Isidor. Origg. iv. 3.

d Chrysostom, in Suicer. p. 687.

Sanhedr. fol. 91, col. 2.

Josephus de Maccab. § 18.

Tertullian adv. Marcion, iv. 1. Augustin. De Civitate Dei, xx. 4.

Originally aлózovoos meant secret, hidden, (geheim,) i. e., in part mysterious, (Epiphanius, Hæres. i. 3, on the Apocalypse,) and in part kept secret, not publicly used. (Origen, Ep. ad Africanum, Opp. i. p. 26. See below, § 25. Epiphanius, Hæres. xxx. 3, who derives the word and τñs κρύπτης — — διὸ οὐδὲ ἐν τῷ ἀαρὼν ἀνετέθησαν, sc. libri apocryphi. - De Pond. et Mens. Opp. ii. p. 162.) Hence it was called by the Jews

בָּנוּז

Libri apocryphi Veteris Testamenti, is commonly used by the Protestants who follow Jerome ; βιβλία αναγιγνωσ Zouava, libri ecclesiastici, (§ 26, 27,) deuterocanonici, (§ 28.)

4. Names of the third part:-rò εvarréhov zai ò απόστολος, τὸ ευαγγέλικον καὶ τὸ ἀποστολικον (§ 21, 23) ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη, Novum Testamentum sive In

strumentum.

§ 8.

CONSTITUENT PORTIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND PART.

The Old Testament is a collection of books, in the Hebrew and Chaldee languages,—which were accounted inspired and holy by the Jews, and the ancient Christian church, containing all the relics of the Hebrew Chaldee literature up to a certain period." The Chaldee passages

(Hottinger, Thes. Phil. p. 515;) then from the secret writings of the heretics, (Clemens Alex. Strom. lib. i. p. 304, B. ed. Sylburg. Origen, Prol. ad Cant. Opp. iii. p. 36. Comm. in Matt. p. 916. See § 25, below, note,) it was called by the synonymous term vóðos, and yevderlyquqos, in opposition to the canonical writings of the Catholics. (Irenæus, i. 20. Clem. Alex. Strom. lib. iii. p. 437, § 24. Cyril of Jerusalem, Cateches. iv. Athanasius, Ep. fest. in § 26. Augustin. cont. Faust. xxii. 79, § 27.) Jerome, Ep. 7, ad Lætam, says, Apocrypha sciat non eorum esse, quorum titulis prænotantur. Finally, Jerome calls it the uncanonical books added by the LXX. See Gieseler, in theol. Stud. u. Krit. 1830, H. 2, p. 142, sqq.

Conf. Chr. B. Michaelis, Diss., qua Nomina, Numerus, Divisio et Ordo Librorum Vet. Test. sistuntur; Hal. 1743. Hottinger, Thes. p. 88, sqq. p. 515. Wähner, Antiqq. Ebr. cap. i. § 6. Pritii Introduct. ed. Hoffmann, cap. i. Jablonsky, Disp. de genuina et propria Significatione 15 dians in Scriptis N. T.; Frcf. 1733; Opusc. ed. te Water, vol. ii. p. 393. Rosenmüller, De Vocabuli Sa in Libris N. T. vario Usu; Erlangen, 1778, 4to. Kuinöl, Rupert, et Velthusen, Com. Theol. vol. ii. Stange, Theol. Symmikta, vol. ii. p. 221.

See the Hebrew translation of the Aramaic passages of Daniel in Kennicott's edition of the Hebrew Bible, and in the Chaldaicorum Danielis et Esre Capitum Interpretatio Heb. ed. J. L. Schultz; Hal. 1782, 8vo. [Huetius (Dem. Evang. Prop. iv. p. 472) thinks the Hebrew portion of Daniel not genuine, but that Daniel wrote the whole book in Chaldee; but Bertholdt