Perpetual PeaceCosimo, Inc., 1 янв. 2005 г. - Всего страниц: 72 Between states... no punitive war is thinkable because between them a relation of superior and inferior does not exist. Whence it follows that a war of extermination, where the process of annihilation would strike both parties at once and all right as well, would bring out perpetual peace only in the great graveyard of the human race.-from "Perpetual Peace"One of the most influential thinkers of the Western civilization, a man who profoundly shaped the mind-set of the modern world, examines war and human nature and concludes, bracingly, that global peace is inevitable. Far from an unattainable utopian fantasy, this 1795 essay lays out the requirements for peace, including republican governments, freedom of movement for citizens, and-prophetically-the formation of a league of nations. In this era of imperialistic ambitions and preemptive wars, Kant's insight is a profound reminder that peace is possible but must be actively pursued.Also available from Cosimo Classics: Kant's Analytic of the Beautiful and Perpetual Peace.German metaphysician IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) served as a librarian of the Royal Library, a prestigious government position, and as a professor at K nigsberg University. His other works include Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764), Critique of Pure Reason (1781), and Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). |
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Стр. 3
... facts as they really are . If , however , according to present enlightened ideas of political wisdom , the true glory of a state lies in the unin- terrupted development of its power by every possible means , this judgment must certainly ...
... facts as they really are . If , however , according to present enlightened ideas of political wisdom , the true glory of a state lies in the unin- terrupted development of its power by every possible means , this judgment must certainly ...
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... fact that these infernal arts , already vile in them- selves , on coming into use , are not long confined to the sphere of war . Take , for example , the use of spies . Here only the dishonesty of others is made use of ; but vices such ...
... fact that these infernal arts , already vile in them- selves , on coming into use , are not long confined to the sphere of war . Take , for example , the use of spies . Here only the dishonesty of others is made use of ; but vices such ...
Стр. 8
... fact of pos- session which , although indeed it has not the necessary title of right , yet at the time of so - called acquisition was held legal by all states , in accordance with the public opin- ion of the time.2 SECOND SECTION ...
... fact of pos- session which , although indeed it has not the necessary title of right , yet at the time of so - called acquisition was held legal by all states , in accordance with the public opin- ion of the time.2 SECOND SECTION ...
Стр. 11
... fact , which is not repre- sentative is really no true constitution at all , because a law- giver may no more be , in one and the same person , the ad- ministrator of his own will than the universal major premise SECTION II Perpetual ...
... fact , which is not repre- sentative is really no true constitution at all , because a law- giver may no more be , in one and the same person , the ad- ministrator of his own will than the universal major premise SECTION II Perpetual ...
Стр. 13
... fact that they would rather be at hopeless variance with one another than submit themselves to a legal authority consti- tuted by themselves , that they therefore prefer their sense- less freedom to a reason - governed liberty , is ...
... fact that they would rather be at hopeless variance with one another than submit themselves to a legal authority consti- tuted by themselves , that they therefore prefer their sense- less freedom to a reason - governed liberty , is ...
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accordance action Arctic Ocean ARTICLE OF PERPETUAL attain authority bring casuistry cause ciples citizens civil command compel concept condition contradiction COSIMO cosmopolitan law course DEFINITIVE ARTICLE despotism Divide et impera empirical established evil example existence expediency federation force form of government formal principle freedom give guarantee Hence hostilities human nature human race idea of duty idea of reason idea of right ideal individual injustice international law justice justify kind law of nations Law of Nature law of permission law-governed lawless legal constitution leges look mankind matter maxims means ment merely moral politician neighbor object obliged perpetual peace philosophers political constitution political moralist possible practical realization principles of right prohibition providence public law public right purpose question regard relation republican require rule ruler Samoyeds science of right secure sovereign sovereignty subjects supreme things tion transcendental tween union universal valid wisdom wrong
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Стр. 29 - ... reliable. Hence states find themselves compelled — not, it is true, exactly from motives of morality — to further the noble end of peace and to avert war, by means of mediation, wherever it threatens to break out, just as if they had made a permanent league for this purpose. For great alliances with a view to war can, from the nature of things, only very rarely occur, and still more seldom succeed. In this way nature guarantees the coming of perpetual peace, through the natural course of...
Стр. 19 - ... claim - a special friendly compact on his behalf would be required to make him for a given time an actual inmate - but he has a right of visitation. This right to present themselves to society belongs to all mankind in virtue of our common right of possession on the surface of the earth on which, as it is a globe, we cannot be infinitely scattered, and must in the end reconcile ourselves to existence side by side : at the same time, originally no one individual had more right than another to...
Стр. 11 - ... they should weigh the matter well, before undertaking such a bad business. For in decreeing war, they would of necessity be resolving to bring down the miseries of war upon their country. This implies: they must fight themselves; they must hand over the costs of the war out of their own property; they must do their poor best to make good the devastation which it leaves behind; and finally, as a crowning ill, they have to accept a burden of debt which will embitter even peace itself, and which...
Стр. 16 - Meanwhile, however, reason, from her throne of the supreme lawgiving moral power, absolutely condemns war as a morally lawful proceeding, and makes a state of peace, on the other hand, an immediate duty. Without a compact between the nations, however, this state of peace cannot be established or assured. Hence there must be...
Стр. 14 - Every state, for the sake of its own security, may — and ought to— demand that its neighbor should submit itself to conditions similar to those of the civil society where the right of every individual is guaranteed. This would give rise to a federation of nations, which, however, would not have to be a State of nations. That would involve a contradiction. For the term "state...
Стр. 15 - ... legal authority; and the glory of the ruler consists in this, that, without his requiring to expose himself to danger, thousands stand at his command ready to let themselves be sacrificed for a matter of no concern to them. The difference between the savages of Europe and those of America lies chiefly in this, that, while many tribes of the latter have been entirely devoured by their enemies, Europeans know a better way of using the vanquished than by eating them; and they prefer to increase...
Стр. 7 - ... on of war which may exceed the treasures of all the other states taken together, and can only be exhausted by a threatening -deficiency in the taxes — an event, however, which will long be kept off by the very briskness of commerce resulting from the reaction of this system on industry and trade. The ease, then, with which war may be waged, coupled with the inclination of rulers towards it — an inclination which seems to be implanted in human nature — is a great obstacle in the way of perpetual...
Стр. 14 - That would involve a contradiction. For the term "state" implies the relation of one who rules to those who obey — that is to say, of lawgiver to the subject people: and many nations in one state would constitute only one nation, which contradicts our hypothesis, since here we have to consider the right of one nation against another, in so far as they are so many separate states and are not to be fused into one. The attachment of savages to their lawless liberty, the fact that they would rather...
Стр. 6 - ... be set. Now, since owing to the sums devoted to this purpose, peace at last becomes even more oppressive than a short war, these standing armies are themselves the cause of wars of aggression, undertaken in order to get rid of this burden. To which we must add that the practice of hiring men to kill or to be killed...