-Linear perspective is, therefore, the basis of linear grouping, and until its laws were well understood, composition remained imperfect, whatever beauties it occasionally put forth being accidentally obtained by the lucky chance of the correct copying of the appearances of Nature, but with no certainty of repetition, the causes of the appearances not being understood. Of composition, therefore, before the laws of perspective were known, it is more to be wondered at that we often find it as agreeable as it is than that we do not find it better. In the works of Giotto we see beautiful combinations of lines and forms, though these excellences are rarely sustained through an entire picture; but when a knowledge of perspective had settled the true principles of grouping with reference to background, we find extended composition well developed. In turning over the engravings from the Campo Santo, the vast superiority in the compositions of Gozzoli over those of the earlier painters, the result almost entirely of his knowledge of perspective, is very striking. It is impossible not to admire the richness and splendour of his architectural backgrounds, though sometimes over-profuse in ornament; but the extensive picture which concludes the history of Joseph can scarcely be praised enough. No story was ever more naturally told-nor grouping more unaffectedly simple. As was the practice in early Art, several points of time are united in one composition, and Joseph appears in three different places; but, what is most remarkable, Gozzoli has adopted three different points of sight in |