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Mr. KENDALL. No further questions.

Senator THURMOND. Mr. Chairman, a few more brief questions have occurred to me.

Senator STENNIS. Very well.

REMOVAL OF FILM "OPERATION ABOLITION"

Senator THURMOND. General, in October a year ago the Army evidently considered the film "Operation Abolition" a good film for training purposes because they sent out a directive that the Army would make wide use of that film. That was in October 1960. In April 1961, a directive was sent out removing "Operation Abolition" from the list of prescribed training films.

Are you familiar personally with why that was done, or was that done in the Defense Department or as a result of the Defense directive?

General DECKER. That directive emanated from the Department of Defense and I am not aware of the background behind it.

ARMY CODE OF CONDUCT TRAINING

Senator THURMOND. Now, the other question I had, General: You are familiar with the actions of some of the prisoners of war behind the wire after they were taken as prisoners in the Korean war. You were over there, in fact, I believe, during the big part of the war; were you not?

General DECKER. No, I was not there during the war, Senator, but I am familiar with the actions of some of the prisoners of war.

Senator THURMOND. Are you familiar, at any rate, with the brainwashing tactics of the Communists and the results obtained in so many cases?

General DECKER. Yes; I am familiar with those tactics.

Senator THURMOND. I am just wondering, because I think this is so important, if the Army is now taking steps to prepare the men to cope with the brainwashing tactics in view of what occurred in Korea? General DECKER. Yes; we are taking very positive steps to insure that men who may become prisoners act in accordance with their training and with the code of conduct. As a matter of fact, we have some very realistic training going on in this field in which we actually establish prisoner-of-war cages. We have officers and men dressed up in Communist uniforms who are running this training and we put the prisoners through exactly the same kind of treatment they can expect if they are captured.

There is one little danger in this and that is we do not want our men to feel that they are going to become prisoners, so we have to have some degree of understanding of what this training is.

Senator THURMOND. Are you taking steps to indoctrinate them not to become prisoners, if possible? In fact, under the code of conduct it provides that they will not be taken prisoners, does it not, if there any way around it?

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General DECKER. We try to make this training so realistic that they will try to avoid becoming prisoners.

Senator THURMOND. That is fine.

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A prominent commentator last night on one of the networks, I believe, stated that Powers had been brainwashed, and this is a common tactic of the Communists, and I was just very anxious to know if steps are being taken to enable the men to cope with brainwashing in the event that they should become prisoners.

General DECKER. Yes; we give them very full indoctrination in the steps that they should take to avoid brainwashing. I would like to say that the number of prisoners who did defect in Korea, who were the victims of brainwashing, was a relatively small percent compared with the total number of prisoners. I do not want to give the impression or have the impression created here that this was widespread among American prisoners, because it was not. This was limited to a very few.

STATISTICAL KOREAN POW REPORT

Senator THURMOND. General, I believe that there were some records that showed that 38 percent collaborated in one way or another, did they not?

The Secretary of Defense's report stated that, did it not, General? Senator STENNIS. While the General is looking at the record there, Senator, let me call your attention to the fact that you have run over your time.

Senator THURMOND. I am through now anyway, Mr. Chairman.
Senator STENNIS. Senator Symington?

Mr. KENDALL. There is a question pending, Mr. Chairman.
Senator STENNIS. Are you ready to answer the question?
General DECKER. Yes, I am.

Senator STENNIS. You may proceed.

General DECKER. I have some figures here on the prisoner-of-war report on the Korean war. I can give them total prisoners involving all the services, or only the Army. Since the bulk are from the Army, I think that possibly those figures would be more meaningful.

Captured or interned there were 6,656. Of these, 2,662 died in prison camps; 3,973 were repatriated. Of these, 310 cases were referred to the Department of Justice for possible prosecution but none were prosecuted.

The prisoners whose conduct was initially questioned, 426. Of these 300 were cleared or the charges dropped and in 79 cases administrative actions such as reprimanded, separated, restricted, or resigned; there were 47 cases forwarded to the field commanders for possible court-martial action. There were 14 tried by court-martial. Eleven were convicted. Twenty-one refused repatriation, and there were 188 additional missing personnel unaccounted for by the Chinese Communists.

If you would like, Mr. Chairman, I can submit this report for the record.

Senator STENNIS. Very well.

Senator THURMOND, General, do you have there a figure of 38 percent collaborating in some manner?

General DECKER. No, sir. This would not come anywhere near 38 percent.

Senator THURMOND. Is that Army, or all services, or what is it?

General DECKER. I was reading the Army's statistics. The tabulation includes figures for all of the services.

Senator THURMOND. I do not mean all those that were punished, but I mean collaborated in some way.

General DECKER. No.

Senator THURMOND. Do you have a record on that?
General DECKER. It is all indicated on this table.

Senator THURMOND. Does not the Secretary of Defense's report show that?

General DECKER. Not that I know of, Senator.

Senator THURMOND. Mr. Chairman, I would like to leave the record open here at this point. Maybe General Decker and I can get together on the point I have in mind. If not, I may wish to put something in the record at this point.

Senator STENNIS. All right, Senator.

Without objection, the table used there by General Decker will be inserted in the record.

(The table referred to is as follows:)

American prisoner-of-war report, Korean war

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Of these, 310 cases were referred to Department of Justice (none prosecuted).
Reprimanded, separated, restricted assignment, resigned.

Presumed dead.

POW CASES REVIEWED FOR POSSIBLE COURT-MARTIAL ACTION

Senator SYMINGTON. Let me get these figures straight in my mind. How many soldiers fought in the Korean war, in the Army? General DECKER. How many fought?

Senator SYMINGTON. Yes. How many combat troops did you have in Korea?

General DECKER. It varied. We had roughly a half million.
Senator SYMINGTON. Half a million?

General DECKER. Yes.

Senator SYMINGTON. And how many of those were accused of being traitors, or not acting in accordance with their oath?

General DECKER. As I indicated, there were 14 tried by court-martial and 11 convicted. There were 47 cases forwarded to field commanders for possible court-martial action. Of that number only

Senator SYMINGTON. Eleven out of a half million; is that what you are saying?

General DECKER. That is what I am saying. Of the number that fought in Korea 14 were court-martialed of which 11 were convicted. Of course, we lost 130,000 over there killed and wounded.

Senator SYMINGTON. Of the wounded, were there any you felt did not perform their duties properly, under their oath, from the standpoint of standing up to what

General DECKER. I do not know how many of these that were captured by the Communists were wounded. I have no statistics to show that.

Senator SYMINGTON. But the figures, so far as the Army are concerned, is 14 men out of 500,000; is that right?

General DECKER. That is approximately the number.

Senator SYMINGTON. Guilty of doing something they should be court-martialed for?

General DECKER. That is right.

Senator SYMINGTON. Does that include all who might have been subjected to truth serums and so forth?

General DECKER. Well, there were more than that, of course, that were investigated because of the possibility.

Senator SYMINGTON. But when you investigated, did you courtmartial the ones that you felt should be court-martialed? General DECKER. That is correct; and there were 14.

Senator SYMINGTON. And how many did you investigate?

General DECKER. Well, there were initially questioned 426 of the Army. Of these the charges on 300 were dropped.

Senator SYMINGTON. That would be less than one-tenth of 1 percent of the troops?

General DECKER. That is right.

Senator SYMINGTON. In Korea that you questioned?

General DECKER. That is right.

Senator SYMINGTON. Did you question all the troops that you thought you should question?

General DECKER. I cannot make a positive statement to that effect. I would presume so.

Senator SYMINGTON. Well, who could, if you cannot?

General DECKER. I would say the commander who was on the spot at the time that the operations were being conducted.

Senator SYMINGTON. Will you have that file for the record as to what was done?

General DECKER. This is the record that I am quoting to you now. I do not think I could get any better figures than I have here.

Senator SYMINGTON. If you can get better figures, will you put them in the record?

General DECKER. I shall.

Senator SYMINGTON. How about the Navy? What was the Navy situation?

General DECKER. The Navy had 35 captured or interned. Four of those died in prison camps; 31 were repatriated. None of those were questioned. There was no reason to question any of them.

Senator SYMINGTON. There was no need of an investigation?

General DECKER. There was none conducted. Apparently there was no need.

Senator SYMINGTON. And how about the Air Force?

General DECKER. The Air Force had 224 captured or interned. Four of these died in prison camps; 220 were repatriated. And 87 of those were initially questioned; 77 were cleared and 10 cases were settled by administrative action.

Senator SYMINGTON. What does that mean?

General DECKER. Reprimand, separated from the service, restricted assignment, resigned. The cases were apparently not considered

worthy of trial before a court.

Senator SYMINGTON. So none of those 10 were court-martialed?
General DECKER. No; they were not.

Senator SYMINGTON. Then how many in the Marine Corps?

General DECKER. The Marines had 225 captured or interned; 31 died in prison camps; 194 repatriated; 52 of these were initially questioned; 49 charges were dropped; and administrative action in 3 cases.

Senator SYMINGTON. So you had 14, 10, and 3; is that right? None in the Navy, 14 in the Army, and 10 in the Air Force. That would be 24; 3 in the Marines would be 27.

General DECKER. As far as administrative action is concerned, there were 92: 79 in the Army, 3 in the Marine Corps, 10 in the

Senator SYMINGTON. You had 79 in the Army, administrative action, and 14 that were court-martialed?

General DECKER. That is right.

Senator SYMINGTON. None court-martialed in the other services, General?

General DECKER. No; there were not.

Senator SYMINGTON. So it would be 92: 79 and 10 and 3. That would be 102, all told, not counting the Air Force or Marines, would it not?

General DECKER. 92 plus 14.

Senator SYMINGTON. I am sure your figuring is better than mine. General DECKER. 106.

STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF SERVICE PERSONNEL IN KOREAN CONFLICT

Senator SYMINGTON. And how many did you have in the Navy? You had a half million in the Army. How many did you have in the Navy in Korea?

General DECKER. I do not know. I will have to supply this Army figure accurately.

Senator SYMINGTON. All right, please supply the Navy figure; supply the Air Force figure; and supply the Marine Corps figure. General DECKER. I shall.

1. The Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel who served in the Far East during the Korean war (July 1950 through June 1954) were as follows:

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2. The monthly strengths of U.S. ground forces in Korea between July 1950 and June 1954 varied from a low of 51,000 in July of 1950 to a high of 302,000 in July of 1953 (including approximately 24,000 Marines). The Marines in Korea were under the operational control of the U.S. Army and were accounted for in the U.S. ground force strength.

3. The total Army personnel that served in Korea during the war was 900,000. No specific figures are available which will provide the number of

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