action, or partial motive properties, as sound, gesticulation, &c., being left untouched, will now stand for consideration.

=2, The name of Operation is generally given to the second species of inherent motion before supposed; being universal, or of and not so much in the subject, like emotion, commotion and other particular motions that have been mentioned. As for promotion; it is an incidental, and not belonging to the class, whatever may be said of rising this way. But the class or property itself, namely of universal inherent motion, or self-motion of the whole subject, might be made, if it never has been, the first criterion in the animal kingdom, to distinguish the superior classes which are naturally locomotive from the fixed, with a subdistinction of the first mentioned after their three principal spheres or regions of earth, air, and water, whether singly or in common. And to suit these distinctions, the class of spiritual motive properties now mentioned might also be divided into two species, locomotion and operation: since every operation is not necessarily locomotive, as may appear from the undermentioned examples, being but a few of what might be quoted in our species. For we are naturally moving subjects in the present state; and that on various accounts, as visiting, travelling, making war, and other matters; which being directed by invisible properties, or by the inner man, as we call this agency sometimes, are properly referred to him. For the outer man has no more to do with the ordering of such matters, than a chaise with that of travelling. The chaise is not the traveller, but the person within.

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*1: 2, Travelling with its antithesis, Retirement, deserve to be mentioned in this view therefore; being not only spiritual as well as motive, but in a degree also intellectual, as the coming and going of intellectual spirits. Understanding, however, by the said expression of travelling, the subject of visiting in general, for whatever purpose, it may be worth while to consider shortly, what purposes it is adapted to, and whether such purposes may be best

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answered by travelling or by retirement. With respect to which it is evident at first sight, that the selection and enjoyment of these two opposite universal motive properties or habits must depend with us, as in other cases, on the opportunities and convenience of the subject of such properties. One man is tied by circumstances to a settled residence, and could not travel if he would: another has every opportunity for travelling that could be desired; but finds it better for his affairs, to remain at home. And this same conditionality of the two properties respectively may sometimes attach to every object likewise for which men are accustomed either to travel or to stay at home; such as pleasure, profit, instruction, since it is possible to speed both ways towards either of these objects, e. g.

** 1, For pleasure in travelling we may enjoy a continual variety of scenes and acquaintances; and great are the charms of novelty, as every one must have felt. While on the other hand, in our abiding place we enjoy the comforts of hoine, and of society endeared to us by habit. And can any public or foreign scenes compare with a man's own house and barton: where every creature, whether rational or irrational, looks up to him as its friend and patron, inspiring in return an interest that cannot be afforded to men of honest natures by any novel sight that meets our eyes abroad.

There is a way indeed to combine the pleasure of both properties, v. g. of both travelling and home-keeping or retirement; which is by taking our friends along with us in our travels: and thus may be remedied in some measure one of the greatest objections to wandering. For whoever leaves his home and known friends to visit unknown places and persons must needs feel sometimes the pangs of separation. The company of our friends alone can always make travelling agreeable: and surrounded by them we may be comparatively happy and at home any where: especially if we happen to have a good inducement to travel likewise; whether it be for our own private advantage, or

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to benefit others, or to fulfil a divine command; of which three the first appears the commonest, but the others, and the last especially, are most creditable. Indeed, cases of this kind are very rare: it very rarely happens for a man to be divinely called to leave his country and kindred like faithful Abraham: "Who (as the apostle well reminds us) staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God" (Rom. iv. 20). There was an example of happy travelling; first, as undertaken from a principle of faith, to fulfil a divine command, and next as having the agreeable accompaniments before mentioned. For when God had said unto Abraham, "Get thee ont of thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house unto a land that I will shew thee," (Gen. xii. 1), he did not depart alone; but "took with him Sarah his wife, and Lot his brother's son, and all their substance that they had gathered, and the souls that they had gotten in Haran" (Ib. 5.): so that his departure in effect was not more than half going from home. We have some broad examples of a similar practice in some of the patriarch's natural offspring; and they are well worth considering, both for the credit of the word of prophecy declared to this effect, (Ib. xvi. 12,) and also for the moral curiosity of such determined rovers as the wild Arabs, if not of some Tartar tribes likewise, founded thereon*. But what we are now properly to consider is the private advantage of travelling; and namely,

**2, For profit or trade: where some will thrive best in seeking new markets continually; others in cultivating one.

* A more interesting example of domestic travelling for ourselves, and what promises to be vastly more important to mankind generally than the wanderings of Tartars, Gipsies, and Arabs, occurs in the extensive system of emigration now going on, and for centuries past, between England and her colonies, through the spirit of the Gospel finding its way with the wanderers; as well as the spirit of civilization and general improvement. This is something towards the fulfilment of that glorious prediction for the kingdom, "The earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea" (Isai. xi. 9).

In general, however, the demand for travelling merchants is much less than for merchants minding their business at home and while the former get most trouble and inconvenience, the latter get most of that for which both parties toil and traffic, wealth. It may also be observed, that greater security, without which profit is of little consequence, may generally be enjoyed at home. And this it is, no doubt, that makes things naturally wild to be sometimes so domestic, v. g. security against their foes. What is it, for instance, that makes cats domestic? Why, dogs. They dare not go from home for fear of being worried. So likewise,

**3, And most eminently, for instruction, both properties, v. g. both travelling and retirement, will appear to have their advantages, whether in giving or receiving this precious incidental; as our heavenly Preceptor himself, e. g. received, no doubt, all the human instruction essential to his ministry, first through the property of retirement and the advantage of a settled residence, which he enjoyed with his parents, at once practising the part of a dutiful son (Luke ii. 51), and preparing himself for that of a spiritual Father to the human race; while the property of travelling, or a continued transition from one place to another, and from one audience to another, afterwards gave him opportunity for applying his acquired, as well as innate and divine abilities to good purpose, and for confirming such as required it by good practice.

But in giving instruction, the travelling system or property, appears to have been chiefly practised by this teacher from God. For we read of his going about "all the cities and villages teaching" (Matt. ix. 35); an office in which he was ordinarily accompanied by his disciples: but we do not read of his abiding with them long in one place (John iv. 40), or however, "not many days" (John ii. 12). Indeed, it is known, that after our Saviour left his Father's house for the ministry, he never had a place that he could call his home, nor, indeed, so much as a lodging

where he could regularly lay his head (Matt. viii. 20): and, therefore, he must generally have taught in travelling before he died; as he did also between his death and ascension (Luke xxiv. 13, &c.); and still does, it is hoped, with many a teacher by the way, and by many a hunted curate. So, in common life, we find one preceptor more addicted to retirement, and regretting the time that he is taken from his study and quiet preception to accompany pupils abroad, while another shall find travelling as convenient for his own information as for that of his pupils, as convenient for receiving as for imparting instruction, a proof that either property, i. e. of travelling and retirement, has its advantages for this purpose; travelling, to supply the mind with continual food for meditation, enriching it with new objects, both great and small, continually, and assisting it continually with new patterns and models, for conceiving scenes past or out of observation; retirement, to afford leisure and opportunity for digesting our experience, which makes it as important after travelling as before; therefore, the smaller share of our time we can well devote to travelling, perhaps, the better for the general purpose of instruction.

- Before a freer communication was opened between those who had, and those who desired the enjoyment of science by the multiplication of books, men were obliged to supply their deficiency, as well as they could, by travelling and personal intercourse; and to this necessary occupation the ancients owed both what information they possessed, in a great measure, and the want of leisure to imbibe a great deal more which the moderns enjoy. At the same time, good reading will require good reflection; and even our superior opportunities for laying in a store of knowledge, will make a larger portion of retirement necessary now than ever. And whether we travel or read, we shall do either to little purpose, or not to a very good one, if we do not take habitually more than the season of the night for retirement. Nature obliges us to lie by generally once in the