Source Book in Ancient Philosophy - Charles Montague Bakewell - Google Книги

Книги

Изображения страниц

CONTENTS

I. THE MILESIAN SCHOOL

Thales: General standpoint of the early philosophers, and

the opinions of Thales, 1. Anaximander: The "bound-

less" as first principle, 3. Scientific speculations, 5.

Anaximenes: His opinions, 7.

Xenophanes: The fragments, 8. An illustration of Xenoph-

anes's scientific reasoning, 10. Parmenides: The frag-

ments of his poem "On Nature," 11. Plato and Aristotle

on Eleatic philosophy, 20. Zeno: The puzzles of com-

position and division, 22. Space not a real thing. 23. The

puzzles of motion, 24. The purpose of Zeno's arguments

as reported by Plato, 25.

III. HERACLITUS

PAGE

The fragments, 28.

IV. THE PYTHAGOREAN PHILOSOPHY

The number philosophy of the Pythagoreans, 36. The、

Pythagorean "Golden Words," 40.

The fragments, 43. Secondary sources, 46.

The fragments, 49. Secondary sources, 53. Some of

Aristotle's comments on Anaxagoras, 55.

VII. THE ATOMISTS

Leucippus, 57. Leucippus and Democritus, 58. Democ-

ritus: The fragments, 59. The "Golden Sayings" of

Democritus, 60. The atomists on the soul according to

V VIII.—THE SOPHISTS

Two sayings of Protagoras, 67. A saying of Gorgias, 67.

An account of the calling and profession of the Sophist from

the writings of Plato, 68. Aristotle on the Sophists, 69.

The Sophists and the Athenian youth, 69. The Prota-

gorean doctrine of relativity as Plato interprets it in the

Theœtetus, 78. Gorgias as a rhetorician, 85.

Aristotle on Socrates's

tribute to Socrates, 86.

was concerned with, 90.

Beautiful, 91. Socrates's method, 95. A bit of his biog-

raphy, as reported by Plato, 96. An illustration of his

method of showing up ignorance, 101.

achievement, 86. Xenophon's

The sort of questions Socrates

Socrates on the Good and the

X.-SOCRATES'S DEFENCE OF HIMSELF AS REPORTED BY

PLATO IN THE APOLOGY.

XI. THE LESSER SOCRATES.

The Cyrenaics. Aristippus, 142. The Cynics. Antis-

thenes and Diogenes, 145.

PAGE

Plato's relation to his predecessors according to Aristotle,

148. From the Phædrus: Dialectic vs. rhetoric, 149. From

the Symposium: On love, 152. From the Philebus:

Pleasure and the other goods, 157. From the Timaus:

The creation of the world, 160. Why it is necessary to

assume the existence of the Ideas, 167. From the Par-

menides: Puzzles presented by the theory of ideas, 168.

XIII.-PLATO-Continued

From the Republic: The nature of virtue, 180. The four

cardinal virtues, 182. The higher education leading up to

the Idea of the Good, 186. The Idea of the Good as the

source of truth and of reality, 192. Reality and appearance;

knowledge and opinion, 199. The allegory of the den;

shadows and realities, 203. Dialectic the coping stone of

the sciences, 213.

Origin and nature of philosophy, 217. Aristotle's criticism

of the theory of ideas, 220. Aristotle's own view regard-

ing the universal, 223. The four causes, 225. Aristotle's

conception of God: Necessity of assuming a first cause or

prime mover, 227. Divine reason as the prime mover, 230.

Divine reason and its object, 233.

XV.-ARISTOTLE ON PSYCHOLOGY

The nature of the soul, 236. The animate and the in-

animate, 240. Nourishment the fundamental function,

touch the fundamental sense, 242. Sense-perception, 243.

Cognition, 244. Creative reason, 246. Reason and judg-

ment, 247. Reason and its object, 248. The springs of

XVI. ARISTOTLE ON ETHICS

The summum bonum, 251. To find it we ask what is man's

function, 253. How virtue is acquired, 257. Virtue and

vice alike voluntary, 259. On friendship, 261. Highest

happiness found in the vision of truth, 264. How the end

is to be realized, 266.

XVII. THE STOICS.

The parts of philosophy and the criterion of truth, 269.

Ethics: Following nature, 272. The Hymn of Cleanthes,

277. Plutarch's refutation of the Stoic theodicy, 278.

XVIII.-EPICURUS

Theory of knowledge, 290. Physical speculations, 293.

The practical philosophy of Epicurus, 296. Some maxims

of Epicurus, 302.

The wages of philosophy, 305. The course of the atoms,

307. The unconcerned gods, 309. The nature of mind

and soul, 309. Dispelling the dread of death, 313. No

designer of nature, 316.

Things which are in our power, 317. The essence of good,

320. As Socrates would have done, 322. In harmony

with God and His universe, 324.

XXI.-MARCUS AURELIUS

Follow nature, 326. The harmony of the universe, 331.

Man's insignificance and his grandeur, 336.

The intellect, 353. The One, 363. The

process of emanation, 371.

XXIII.-PLOTINUS-Continued

Matter, 357. Sin and salvation, 384.

« Предыдущая Продолжить »