-"Review the known and contemplated needs for natural resources from the marine environment to maintain our expanding national economy.

-Review the surveys, applied research programs, and ocean engineering projects required to obtain the needed resources from the marine environment.

-Review the existing national research programs to insure realistic and adequate support for basic oceanographic research that will enhance human welfare and scientific knowledge.

-Review the existing oceanographic and ocean engineering programs, including education and technical training, to determine which programs are required to advance our national oceanographic competence, and stature, and which are not adequately supported.

-Analyze the findings of the above reviews, including the economic factors involved, and recommend an adequate national marine science program that will meet the present and future national needs without unnecessary duplication of effort.

-Recommend a Governmental organization plan with estimated cost."

The Commission was appointed January 9, 1967. It shall submit to the President, via the Council, and to the Congress a report of its findings and recommendations not later than eighteen months after its establishment.

While the Act provides a framework of policy guidance of unlimited duration, the Marine Sciences Council is an interim body pending recommendations as to the best organizational structure required to implement the Act. Its statutory authority expires 120 days after the Commission renders its report.

Council Activities

Soon after the President signed Public Law 89-454 into law, he requested the Vice President to activate the Marine Sciences Council. The first meeting was held August 17, 1966, and four other sessions

Dr. Julius Adams Stratton, Ford Foundation (chairman); Prof. Richard A. Geyer, Texas A. & M. University (vice chairman); Dr. David Adams, Department of Commercial and Sport Fisheries, State of North Carolina; Dr. Carl Auerbach, University of Minnesota ; Mr. Jacob Blaustein, Standard Oil Company; Prof. James Crutchfield, University of Washington; Mr. Leon Jaworski, attorney; Dr. John A. Knauss, University of Rhode Island; Mr. John H. Perry, Perry Publications; Mr. Taylor A. Pryor, Sea Life, Inc.; Mr. George Reedy, Struthers Research and Development Corp.; Dr. George H. Sullivan, Northrop Space Corporation; the Honorable Robert H. B. Baldwin, Under Secretary of Navy; the Honorable Frank C. Di Luzio, Assistant Secretary of Interior for Water Pollution Control; the Honorable Robert M. White, Environmental Science Services Administration; the Honorable Norris Cotton, U.S. Senator; the Honorable Alton Lennon, U.S. Representative; the Honorable Warren G. Magnuson, U.S. Senator: the Honorable Charles A. Mosher, U.S. Representative.

the President and sworn in at the first Council meeting. A full time professional staff, provided for in the legislation, is being assembled. The staff is composed of specialists in ocean sciences, engineering, national security affairs, economics, foreign affairs, and public administration. It maintains working relations with the Congress, key officials of the Executive Office of the President, Federal and State agencies, industry, the academic community, and professional societies to insure that considerations affecting all marine science interests are brought to the attention of the Council.

The Marine Sciences Council is not an operating agency. Its purpose is to assist the President in identifying Government-wide goals, in developing alternative strategies for their achievement, in identifying issues, and in reaching an informed decision. Helping the operating agencies to do their jobs is a prime objective of the Council, but the agencies must rely on their own budgetary resources to carry out programs called for in their organic legislation. When missions are the statutory responsibility of more than one agency, the Council may serve the Government-wide interest by recommending one agency assume responsibility for planning, guiding, and coordinating a multiagency program. Each participating agency, however, retains management and budgetary responsibility for its element of the program. The Interagency Committee on Oceanography has been supporting the activities of the Council as an essential mechanism for compiling and disseminating information about the many detailed aspects of the various agency programs. ICO panels are being realigned and new Council panels established to reflect the enlarged program and to be of more assistance to the designated lead agencies and the Council.

The National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Oceanography continues to serve as a source of scientific advice on oceanographic matters. For ten years, the committee has helped chart the course of Federal marine science activities, and it issued a landmark report in 1959 and is preparing another. The National Academy of Engineering's Committee on Ocean Engineering, as well as other offices of the two academies, together with numerous professional and industrial societies, also provide marine sciences advice to Government agencies and the Council.

Chapter III

NEW INITIATIVES AND AREAS OF INCREASED EMPHASIS Defining and Classifying Marine Science and Technology Programs

The Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act requires budget estimates for the succeeding fiscal year from each Federal department and agency that conducts programs in marine science and technology. To collect such data and to improve its utility, it was necessary to define the overall scope and classify constituent programs. Since 1959, the Federal budget has identified the Government's "National Oceanographic Program" by agency and by such functions as oceanographic research, surveys, facilities, manpower, and closely related engineering development.

As a consequence of the broadened scope of marine science and technology defined by the Marine Sciences Act, other resources and engineering programs must now be considered, in addition to the original oceanographic component. Additions include certain classified naval programs; ship and vehicle research; additional technological developments related to such subjects as fish, marine minerals, and energy resources; and seashore land use and recreation.

Federal agencies have now identified programs within the scope of marine science, engineering, technology, or resources development as follows:

TABLE III.-Program plan of Federal agencies for marine sciences and technology [In millions of dollars]

Tables A-1, 2, and 3, where they have been classified by purpose and function.

These activities have been summarized by the participating agencies in terms of recognized national economic, political, or social purposes as follows:

TABLE IV.-Federal marine science programs by major purpose

Ocean environmental observation and prediction services.
General purpose engineering-----

Education

Data centers...

Total

49.2

27.8

13.6

9.5

7.4

5.8

4.2

1.7

73.2

39. 1

21. 1

10.5

5.5

2.1

462. 3

For purposes of comparison of new and old definitions of scope, the "National Oceanographic Program" component is estimated at approximately $208 and $229 million for fiscal years 1966 and 1967 respectively, and proposals for fiscal year 1968 amount to approximately $278 million. Details are set forth in Table V.

The distribution of Federal marine science and technology funding in terms of the percentage planned in fiscal year 1968 for each major purpose is shown in Figure 1.

This distribution of funding is also represented by the functional relationships shown in Figure 2. The total activity may be considered in three stages. The first two stages constitute a general purpose base of academic research, manpower training and education, general purpose ships, environmental data acquisition, facilities, and instruments which provide a reservoir of information and techniques. The third stage, which is functionally dependent on the first two, includes applied research, mission-oriented development, and other marine technology programs to provide for public needs such as national defense and resource exploitation. In this third stage, each activity directed to a specific goal is represented by a separate bar in Figure 2.

These three stages differ in one other respect-the motivation for funding. The two stages in the base are supported as a national policy to maintain an innovative capability adequate to meet both present and future national needs. This base can be considered part of the long-term investment capital of the Nation. General purpose research includes a substantial academic research component. This is of special importance and has received Council study to be sure that its growth is consistent with both needs for additional knowledge and the new opportunities for research associated with increasing graduate student interest in ocean-oriented programs.

Funding of marine science efforts for public needs, the third stage, depends largely on the user requirements in terms of anticipated payoff, even though such a cost-benefit assessment deals in part with intangibles. Funding for each category of development in the vertical bars is developed separately, depending on the relative importance of the different goals and on the opportunities available in various programs. This expected potential to contribute to public needs is determined by the President and the Congress in the budget and appropriation process.

Trends in the Federal Program

Past programs have been characterized by substantial marine science efforts for national security objectives such as strategic, undersea, and

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