INTERNATIONAL BASIC & less than 1% NATIONAL FIGURE 1.-The Marine Science and Technology Dollar. amphibious warfare. The contribution of marine sciences to defense of the Nation continues to be substantial. Over fifty percent of all Federal funding for marine sciences is budgeted by the Department of Defense. In the past, such Defense expenditures have provided a significant part of the technological base now available for both civilian and military purposes. In fiscal year 1968, civilian activities will increase more rapidly than defense activities, reflecting the increasing emphasis on utilizing marine sciences to meet industrial, economic, and social goals. This civilian growth will not be at the expense of military effort, however, because each activity will continue to be judged on its own merits and military growth will continue in response to defense requirements. Marine science is now in an early stage of transition from a primary concentration on research to a more comprehensive and productive ocean technology. The program in fiscal year 1968 indicates, as shown in the following breakdown by function, that the Government will continue to nourish a base of oceanographic research, essential for further new applications, increased performance, and cost reductions. FIGURE 2.-Functional Relationships of Marine Science and Technology. (This current tabulation includes only Federal funds. Not included are expenditures for marine science and technology by the States, academic institutions, and industry.) the Council because encouragement of non-Federal investment is a matter of special concern in order that all activities be mutually reinforcing. When economic incentives are promising, American private enterprise takes the initiative. When profits are too long deferred or risks too high (relative to alternative possible ventures), private investment is inhibited. With better understanding of the total Federal/non-Federal enterprise, appropriate Federal steps can be developed for sound private investment in exploration, technological development, marine commerce, and economic utilization of marine resources. A similar objective appears with regard to the States. Local and regional interests and problems-related especially to development of seashore resources are so varied that local initiatives should be encouraged to study problems, to develop solutions, and to make thoughtful use of local resources. Here also, the Federal Government may take the lead to foster a creative partnership with the several States in marine science affairs. Council Analysis of Federal Programs At the July 13, 1966, commissioning of the ESSA ship Oceanographer, the President requested his Marine Sciences Council to review the report, "Effective Use of the Sea," which had just been released by his Science Advisory Committee, and to develop initial recommendations by the following January. Accordingly, the Council analyzed ongoing efforts to identify gaps or lack of balance. It then concentrated on selecting priority areas, developing action programs, designating agency responsibilities, and formulating means for interagency collaboration in conformity with statutory marine science objectives and policy. Prompt action was desirable because budget planning for fiscal year 1968 was well underway. Unless analyses were completed in time to identify program changes for the 1968 budget cycle, the direct impact of Council actions on programs requiring financial support would almost surely have been delayed a full year. In addition to analyzing the more than 100 recommendations included in the report of the President's Science Advisory Committee, the Council staff carefully considered suggestions of the Interagency Committee on Oceanography and the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Oceanography, as well as recommendations submitted by individual Government agencies related to new possibilities in the marine sciences programs. The Council then selected nine programs for priority attention and made recommendations to the President accordingly. Eight of the programs require additional fiscal year 1968 financing in the amount of $40.5 million. In addition, the Coun eration which at this time requires no additional funding. These priority programs have the following common characteristics: -The objectives contribute to broad national goals such as pollution abatement and the war on hunger. —The priorities present a consensus of the senior Government officials responsible for marine science affairs, most of whom report directly to the President. -With identification of major goals, small investments will produce multiplier effects by deploying existing capabilities more effectively. -Means for implementation are immediately available and the benefits clear. -A lead agency is designated whenever possible. Development of project details and funding is made the responsibility of the agency having jurisdiction. -The Council assumes responsibility to assure effective implementation, and to assist in budget defense. The Council recommendations for nine priority projects were presented to and approved by the President. Their components are included in the fiscal year 1968 agency budgets submitted to Congress January 24, 1967. New Initiatives and Areas of Increased Emphasis Of the $53 million increase in funding recommended for fiscal year 1968, approximately $41 million (Table VI) represents program areas selected by the Council for priority or increased emphasis. These are discussed later in greater detail. The remaining $12 million constitutes necessary growth in other vital programs, proposed by agencies to meet their commitments and justified in the normal course of program and budget review. The nine priority programs include five actions that are essentially new-even though built on a foundation of past accomplishment or existing capability-and four which are selected from continuing activities that deserve sharpened emphasis, reorientation of goals, or consolidation of multiagency efforts into a more unified approach. 1. International Cooperation.-Additional efforts are now being devoted to examining the marine sciences activities of other nations, identifying and seeking opportunities for international cooperation, and fostering an international outlook for promoting the peaceful uses of the oceans. The resources gap between rich and poor nations draws attention to the oceans as an arena for increased cooperation in economic devel 116.4 Data systems study... Deep-ocean recovery and submergence systems, and deep- Navy... ocean technology. Ship for research near polar regions.......... Total..... 1 Includes $5.5 for deep-ocean technology and $10.9 for increased efforts in deep submergence systems. opment. The traditional "freedom of the seas," multinational scientific expeditions, and other programs of international organizations all attest to existing cooperation between seagoing nations. The Department of State, working with Council staff and other offices of the Executive Office and with many agencies, is examining the opportunities the oceans offer for increased international cooperation in the Nation's interest. 2. Food From the Sea.-The food-from-the-sea program offers a new opportunity for the United States to provide world leadership through a long-range program to exploit the oceans as a relatively untapped source of protein for the undernourished. First steps involve overseas demonstration projects utilizing fish protein concentrate. The Agency for International Development has been designated the lead agency; the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries will develop the necessary technology. Other Federal agencies will assist, especially those whose ships can collect data of value in locating fish stocks. The annual cost of the program during fiscal years 1967 and 1968 will be about $4 million. 3. Sea Grant Programs.-The recent Sea Grant College and Programs Act, Public Law 89-688, aimed at education, training, applied research, and information transfer, will be implemented immediately. More college graduates and technicians are needed to apply marine science to practical uses, including a stronger orientation to ocean engineering and multidisciplinary approaches to marine science affairs, and to providing a point where Federal, State, academic, and industrial interests may focus on local problems. The National Science Foundation, with policy guidance from the Council, will administer the program. The initial cost of the program |