in fiscal year 1968.

4. Data Systems Study.-Collection, storage, and dissemination of vast quantities of oceanographic data require improvement. A major study will be undertaken of data requirements and modern datahandling systems.

The Council staff, working with the many Federal agencies and nonFederal producers and consumers of marine data, will guide the study. It will be started in fiscal year 1967 with Council funding of $75,000, then completed in fiscal year 1968 at a cost of $625,000 provided by the participating agencies.

5. Estuary Study.—Problems of estuarine pollution are increasing, with serious effects on fish, shellfish, health, recreation, and beauty. An interagency study will be initiated leading to a long-range program of research, first utilizing the Chesapeake Bay as a model.

A Corps of Engineers hydraulic model of the Chesapeake Bay is already authorized and will serve as a focal point for a multiagency, multidisciplinary approach closely correlated with pollution studies of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration and other units of the Department of the Interior; the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; the Smithsonian Institution; and other agencies of the Federal and State Governments.

6. Surveys of Mineral Resources.-Planning, surveys, and survey methodology, all related to the mineral resources of the Continental Shelf, will be accelerated to identify potential new mineral sources and to develop a pilot plan to meet long-term needs as land sources become more expensive. Expenditures in fiscal year 1968 will be increased by $600,000. The Department of the Interior, working with the Departments of Commerce and Navy, and other agencies, through the Council, will be responsible for the project.

7. Ocean Observation and Prediction.-Planning has begun to strengthen ocean-based observation networks that lag behind landbased systems and yet are critically needed to:

-study the effects of the marine environment on weather and especially to study how to predict droughts;

-improve prediction of near-shore weather and severe storms to protect life and property of shore communities and industries; -predict the state of the oceans to protect life and property and support resource exploitation.

The Environmental Science Services Administration's portion of these program will require about a $2.5 million increase in fiscal year 1968; Navy will continue its ongoing program; the Coast Guard and other agencies will contribute to the programs.

8. Deep Ocean Technology.—The loss of the Thresher and the recent loss of an unarmed H-bomb off Spain emphasize the national impor

deep ocean. A new program to develop deep-ocean technology will be initiated which with the current Navy effort in deep submergence will strengthen the future capability for recovery of lost equipment and provide a deep ocean engineering capability.

The priority program will be implemented by the Navy with fiscal year 1968 costs of $16.4 million devoted to development of key components and additional work in the Navy's deep submergence program.

9. Subpolar Oceanographic Research.-A replacement Coast Guard ship, previously authorized for the International Ice Patrol, will be especially designed and constructed so that it can expand oceanographic research in high latitudes. Construction of the ship will begin in fiscal year 1968 at a cost of $12 million.

Chapter IV

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE NATIONAL
INTEREST

U.S. Policy and International Cooperation

Intensified use of the sea, now projected worldwide, could very well stimulate national rivalries and conflicts that could arrest the development of marine resources and defeat the very purpose of our national policy. We thus emphasize international collaboration in the exploration and use of the seas and their resources and the opportunity to utilize the seas to advance world peace, understanding, and economic development at home and abroad. Such steps anticipate strengthening communications and institutions at all levels, intergovernmental, scientific, and industrial.

The Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act declares that our marine science program should contribute to cooperation "with other nations and groups of nations and international organizations * * when such cooperation is in the national interest." The Act also directs the Council, under foreign policy guidance of the President, to coordinate a program of international cooperation.

The President clearly stated his support for international participation in marine science activities at the commissioning of the Oceanographer on July 13, 1966, when he said: "Truly great accomplishments in oceanography will require the cooperation of all the maritime nations of the world. Today, I send our voice out from this platform calling for such cooperation, requesting it, and urging it. * * * The sea-in the words of Longfellow, 'divides and yet unites mankind." " The Council has given high priority to determining how the seas can serve as a medium for increased international cooperation, and is supporting, for example, the following activities:

(1) A U.S. initiative at the 1966 United Nations General Assembly calling for an examination of international marine science activities; (2) A pilot U.S. program to assist the less developed nations to use food from the sea;

(3) A survey of marine science activities of other nations and of opportunities for cooperation;

develop a framework of principles to further foreign policy objectives; and

(5) Scientist-to-scientist exchanges, including multinational use of research ships.

Expanding Opportunities for Scientific Cooperation

Scientist-to-scientist communication in oceanography has successfully brought people and nations together from all corners of the world. International oceanographic projects following the International Geophysical Year have involved experts from as many as 46 countries and have resulted in lasting contacts among scientists throughout the world. Examples of such programs are the International Indian Ocean Expedition, the International Cooperative Investigations of the Tropical Atlantic, the cooperative study of the Kuroshio, and the International Biological Program. The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research of the International Council of Scientific Unions is one of the principal nongovernmental organizations concerned with these and other marine research activities.

The Second International Oceanographic Congress in Moscow and the Eleventh Pacific Science Congress in Tokyo highlighted the many convocations on marine sciences in 1966. The Moscow Congress provided an unusual opportunity for American and other Western scientists to visit Soviet laboratories and to meet hundreds of Soviet specialists who had not previously attended international meetings.

Research ships of U.S. Government agencies and private institutions operate in waters throughout the world, and foreign scientists frequently participate in these cruises. The forthcoming global scientific expedition by the Oceanographer (Figure 3) will afford many opportunities for useful scientific investigations and cooperation and will demonstrate our desire to work with all nations in using new technology to improve our understanding of the oceans.

As a matter of policy, the Government encourages exchanges of American and foreign scientists and port calls. This has been exemplified most recently by a call at San Francisco in January 1967 by the Soviet oceanographic ship Mikhail Lomonosov and the expected calls of the Oceanographer at Odessa and other foreign ports this year.

Cooperation in Using Marine Resources

International cooperation can enhance the effective and rational use of marine resources. Bilateral and multilateral fishing conventions and agreements have been concluded to insure that some stocks will not be depleted. The Convention on the Continental Shelf promotes the development of the economic productivity of petroleum, gas, and solid minerals.

The 1958 and 1960 Law of the Sea Conferences, conducted under U.N. auspices, were landmarks in the development of the legal code governing the use of the seas and their resources. Four conventions have since come into force:

Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas.

Convention on the High Seas.

Convention on the Continental Shelf.

Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone. While these conventions provide a basis for resolving a major part of the conflicts among nations, they have not attempted to cover all contingencies. As advancements in technology place the sea's resources within the grasp of more nations, the principles enunciatedand omitted-in these conventions take on added significance. Moreover, to regulate the use of marine resources in a manner which will insure their wise disposition requires an understanding of the oceanic environment and a forecast of man's interaction with his natural environment. No one nation can explore the seas alone. All nations will benefit; all should contribute.

The Increasing Role of the United Nations

Since the founding of the United Nations, this country has played a leading role in mobilizing international interest in preserving and promoting peace through this world forum. The international char