marine activities of many United Nations agencies, such as the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.

At the 1966 United Nations General Asembly, U.S. initiatives resulted in the adoption of a resolution requesting the Secretary General to survey international cooperative activities related to marine science, technology, and marine resources. This two-year survey will examine the mechanisms for preventing duplication and for increasing coordination among international organizations concerned with marine activities. In some respects, this study on an international scale is analogous to those leading to the recent Marine Sciences Act on a national scale.

In 1966, the General Assembly endorsed a proposal of the United Nations Committee on Outer Space for a group of experts to examine the international requirements for navigation satellites. The accurate positioning of oceanographic stations is an important aspect of any cooperative ship-survey program, and the potential of navigation satellites to improve the precision of station locations was demonstrated by several U.S. oceanographic ships equipped with the Navydeveloped receiving equipment.

Our support of the activities of the many United Nations agencies concerned with marine activities, and our initiatives to promote cooperation through these agencies are becoming more important. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, for example, is playing an increasingly active role in promoting international expeditions, data exchanges, radio frequency allocations for oceanographic research activities, and an international tsunami warning system in the Pacific Ocean. The World Meteorological Organization coordinates the exchange of marine weather data between nations and is in the process of developing the World Weather Watch. Other international organizations concerned with marine sciences are indicated in Table VII.

Polar Exploration

Antarctica remains a symbol of successful cooperation among countries having potentially conflicting political interests and a model of international arrangements for the benefit of all nations. The experience of Antarctic cooperation deserves study to determine whether it can be extrapolated to areas of the seas beyond polar regions.

Our Arctic Research Laboratory in Alaska continues to welcome scientists of other countries. Oceanographic data collected from ice

the other countries of the Arctic. Also, the International Ice Patrol, through research and observation, makes data available to reduce navigation hazards in the North Atlantic.

Our understanding of the Arctic basin, however, is still in its infancy. The oceanographic research capability to be included in the new Coast Guard ship will be a significant step in enhancing our investigations of near-Arctic waters. As we improve our capabilities to operate in the Arctic, we look forward to collaboration with other polar countries for we have much to learn from their extensive experience.

International Use of the Great Lakes

We have worked with Canada for many years to preserve one of our greatest inland resources, the Great Lakes. Many countries of the world use the Great Lakes as a trade artery. Millions of Americans and Canadians rely on the lakes for water supply, recreational activities, fishery products, transportation, and electric power generation. At the same time, industries and municipalities often use the Great Lakes as a convenient dumping ground for waste products.

The American-Canadian International Joint Commission is devoting considerable attention to pollution and to the maintenance of water levels. Through the efforts of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, the sea lamprey population has been reduced by 90 percent in Lake Superior; treatments were recently completed in Lake Michigan and are well underway in Lake Huron. The U.S. Geological Survey is planning a collaborative project with Canada in connection with the International Hydrological Decade to study the physical dynamics of one of the Great Lakes.

Table VIII indicates the Federal agencies supporting research in the Great Lakes.

Bilateral and Multilateral Foreign Assistance

Coastal fishing and other maritime activities play a significant role in the economies of most coastal nations of the world. Technical assistance programs can help the lesser developed of these countries, particularly if the programs incorporate the principle of self-help. Also, the programs must be formulated within the context of the overall needs and directions of the country's economy, for harbors without boats, fishery products without marketing mechanisms, and scientists without laboratories make little sense.

On a limited bilateral basis, we have provided precision equipment and specialists for harbor surveys in Latin America and aided on-thejob training for local specialists. We have similarly supported harbor improvement, navigation, and desalting projects.

TABLE VII.-Selected list of international organizations concerned with research and development activities in the marine environment

Oceanic research

Fisheries interests

Offshore oil and minerals interests

World Health Organization.

International Commission for the Scientific Exploration of the Regional Fisheries Council for the Southwest Atlantic.

Multilateral aid arrangements in the marine field are limited to date and, like our bilateral programs, have emphasized development of coastal facilities. The world banking consortiums and the United Nations development program have supported some projects. UNESCO and the Food and Agriculture Organization have provided fellowships and other devices for study and training by foreign marine scientists and technicians in many countries.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has become increasingly interested in raising the capabilities of the less developed countries in the marine sciences. Also, NATO has established a strong oceanographic capability at the research center in Italy and has an annual exercise in environmental prediction.