technologies available to the less developed nations; —to upgrade and assist domestic fishing and fish-processing industries through the development of markets for species not now caught, new products, improved techniques, and expanded knowledge of the oceans. This program concept considers all facets of the total system from raw ocean resources to consumer: -It anticipates multiplying the presently used food resources of the ocean by a factor of perhaps five, processing and distributing these resources effectively in many forms suitable to the particular needs abroad and in this country; -It recognizes the need for more effective regulatory policies aimed at maximizing sustainable worldwide yields and improving economic efficiency; -It includes the concepts of "ranching" to increase the supply, innovative engineering, and systems analysis, as well as research, to upgrade the equipment and techniques; -It contemplates active participation of the United States and foreign governments and private enterprise, bringing to bear technology, capital, and entrepreneurship to establish a self-sustaining industry. The program will place emphasis on exploring the types of food which will be best suited to the needs of various people, both on a shortterm and long-term basis. First Step-A Demonstration of the Potential of Fish Protein Concentrate Initial steps to implement the long-range program can begin now. Plans are being developed to exploit the special opportunities available as a result of applied research by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries that has refined a relatively simple process for extracting low-cost animal protein from the lesser used fish of the sea. Whole hake and similar species can be converted into a nutritious and wholesome protein concentrate (FPC). FPC is bacteriologically and biochemically safe and stable without refrigeration or other special processing. It can be incorporated into cereal products at a five- to ten-percent level with no detectable "fishy" flavor. Its protein is easily digestible and biologically available. Ten grams will provide adequate animal protein to meet the daily requirements of one child, at an estimated daily cost of less than one penny. The relative costs of FPC compared to protein from some other sources are shown in Table X. Since Congress has already authorized construction of a pilot plant, and the Food and Drug Administration has approved FPC1 after 1 32 F.R. 1173 (Feb. 2, 1967). Source: National Academy of Sciences' proposal for BCF (unpublished). thorough testing and human feeding experiments, it is possible to proceed without delay to refine the process and develop a product for market studies discussed later. On a cooperative bilateral basis, it is proposed to select and survey the fishing potential and market feasibility of FPC products in three less developed countries; one of these countries will be selected as the place in which to foster development of a local capability to produce and distribute FPC. The specific objective would be to demonstrate that consistent with local needs, fish supplies, people, and customs— it is feasible to meet animal protein needs of a large number of preschool children and pregnant mothers promptly and economically. An initial goal for a small country would be to provide by 1971, ten grams of animal protein daily to each of one million people. This can be expanded as experience or circumstances dictate. The main elements of the proposed FPC demonstration program, projected over a five-year period in Figure 10 are to: -develop commercial process for producing FPC, including research to improve the present process and make it more economical and suitable for other species; also included: research on food technology, research on problems of toxic fish, and development of appropriate guidelines to foster stringent quality control. Design, construction, leasing, and operation of the authorized pilot plants are part of this development; -improve the fish catching, landing, and processing capabilities of three protein-deficient countries. The nature and extent of the fish population accessible to the potential recipient countries, development of improved boats, catching equipment, and processing capability would be studied; -develop markets for FPC in at least one protein-deficient country. Local fishing potential, analysis of local eating customs, as well as market and distribution patterns for appropriate food forms, would be evaluated; III. DEVELOP CONSUMER MARKET IN SELECTED COUNTRY A PILOT PLANT, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 1967 1969 D COMPLETE PRODUCTION SYSTEM-START DISTRIBUTION OF FPC FIGURE 10.-Phasing chart for FPC demonstration. deficient country; -encourage other nations and private interests to establish commercial fishing industries wherever feasible. The concept of utilizing FPC to help meet protein deficiencies is a "technology exporting" concept. We do not define this food-fromthe-sea program as a means for shipping more fish protein to proteindeficient countries. Rather we define it as a program which will help those countries, through the importation of technological capability, to produce the fish protein themselves. Management Overall program management of the demonstration project and lead agency responsibility for all Government activity has been assigned to the Agency for International Development. Technical support will be provided by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Resources of such organizations as the Smithsonian Institution, Environmental Science Services Administration, and the National Academy of Sciences will also be focused on these objectives. Special attention will be given to establishing and maintaining worldwide quality and sanitary standards through world organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization. Inasmuch as success depends critically upon development of a lowcost product, consumer acceptance, and effective marketing, U.S. industry will be encouraged to have a major role in planning and developing the program. Chapter VI IMPLEMENTING SEA GRANT LEGISLATION Perspective The National Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1966 established a new instrument for strengthening the base of specialized education and ocean engineering research, and for improving communication of scientific or technological results to many marine science interests lacking their own research capabilities. This Act is one of the areas of special emphasis selected by the Council and will be implemented by the National Science Foundation as soon as authorization to use fiscal year 1967 funds for this purpose is secured from the Congress. It is widely agreed that advances in science and technology depend on skilled manpower. In recent years, the Federal Government has assumed major responsibility-through a variety of fellowships, traineeships, and research and institutional grants-to support training and education in many technical fields, thus increasing the flow of new scientists and engineers to meet national needs. This Federal policy has strengthened the marine sciences. Professional manpower in marine sciences in 1961 was limited, totaling only 600 persons, trained mostly in a variety of classical disciplines, and in oceanography. Accordingly, special steps were taken in 1961 by several Federal agencies to expand the opportunities at universities for students, teachers, and graduate research. Today, professional manpower numbers 2,600 and nearly 1,000 individuals are enrolled in marine science curriculums in more than fifty colleges and universities. It has become increasingly apparent, however, that this support of marine science was not adequately complemented by parallel support for the training of engineers who would engage in marine work. It also became apparent that applied marine research was not being supported adequately, compared to basic marine research. Finally, in the context of the broadened emphasis being placed on the civilian as well as military importance of using the seas, there was a conspicuous gap in the important process of information transfer between the Federal Government, States, departments within academic institutions, and certain sectors of industry. |