design of the next generation of vehicles. To this end, the Council is planning to collect and make available all possible data that would assist future development.

Mineral Resources

Determining the extent and quality of sea-floor mineral deposits with the accuracy taken for granted on land is not yet possible. Even the crudest of evaluations is expensive and difficult to perform. Engineering to modify terrestrial drilling and sampling techniques to the shallow waters of the Continental Shelf is being intensified by the Bureau of Mines.

Certification and Standardization

Certification of safe construction, licensing of operators, and standardization of practices and equipment are vital elements of any developing technology. A beginning has been made by the Navy and the Coast Guard in establishing safety specifications and standards for both military and nonmilitary deep submersibles. For insurance purposes the American Bureau of Shipping will conduct inspections of commercial submersibles.

Man-in-the-Sea

The presence of man at the site of his undersea work is usually advantageous and on occasion essential. Within his physiological limits, man can go underwater and work as an exposed diver, wearing only a light protective suit and underwater breathing apparatus. Where the effects of submergence exceed physiological endurance, he needs the protection of a pressure-proof capsule. Thus protected, he gains greater mobility, endurance, carrying capacity, and relative comfort; but he sacrifices manual dexterity, maneuverability, access to restricted areas, and the ability to use tactile sensing. The goal of the Navy's man-in-the-sea program is to extend the depth and duration of penetration into the ocean depths by the unprotected diver through a series of experiments (called Sealab) in living and working at several hundred feet depth for many weeks. During the coming year the Sealab III experiment at 400 feet will be concluded and preparations will begin for Sealab IV. Continued efforts can be expected to extend our capabilities to the deepest areas of the Continental Shelf, seeking solutions to such technical barriers as precise control of partial pressure of the breathing mixture; communication; comfort of personnel; navigation in low visibility; adequate and suitable tools.

Much man-in-the-sea technology has been and will be developed by private industry for such work as petroleum and mineral recovery.

house capabilities in the future since not only the Navy but nearly every other agency has underwater missions which will be aided by capable divers.

Test and Evaluation Facilities

In support of the accelerated development of ocean technology, the Navy is currently operating: a test range off San Clemente Island, Calif., that will support future Sealab experiments, testing of rescue, search, and salvage systems; a pressure-test facility at the Marine Engineering Laboratory, Annapolis, Md.; the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), a highly instrumented ship and weapon range located in a 5-mile long, 6,000-foot depth, sheltered body of water in the Bahamas (that will go into full operation in 1967); and its Pacific counterpart, the Barking Sands Tactical Underwater Range at Kauai, Hawaii.

New facilities will also be needed for nonmilitary development to meet both Government and private needs. Additional ranges or laboratories for these purposes have been suggested. Studies will be undertaken of future requirements, and of the best means for meeting them.

General Purpose Technology and an Area of Emphasis

To carry out many of the explicit, foreseeable tasks requires a versatile ocean engineering that is not yet in being. No existing agency has specific responsibility for developing a reservoir of general ocean technology.

From experience in other areas, some general purpose capability to meet the unforeseen has also been found essential. Determining what is needed and which agency or agencies should assume responsibility for such future nondefense developments, will be examined by the Council.

In support of defense objectives mentioned earlier and as an area of special Council emphasis, the Navy will initiate key components in the area of deep-ocean technology, with $5.5 million earmarked in fiscal year 1968.

Chapter XII

RESEARCH-THE BASE OF THE MARINE SCIENCE EFFORT

Research Content and Scope

Earlier chapters have been concerned with the application of ocean science and technology to meet the needs of the Nation. The possibility of meeting each need depends on a strong scientific base. In the past, the efforts of the Federal Government have been directed primarily toward strengthening this base, through intensified academic research, constructing modern ships and laboratories, and supporting education and training to assure a continuing influx of talented people into this field. The Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act of 1966 gives new impetus to the application of our marine science capabilities. Implementation of that Act, as recommended by the Council in this document, gives added significance to this year's Presidential request for fiscal support of academically related research.

Oceanographic research is considered here to encompass (1) scientific exploration, which seeks to answer the questions of how or why, and (2) geographic exploration which is concerned more with the questions of what, where, and when. Both basic and mission-related research are included. Fundamental disciplines are involved, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics; so, too, are the earth sciences and basic fields of engineering.

When science meets the sea, two general groups of scientists participate. In one group, a scientist may consider himself oceanographer first and marine biologist second. In the other, the scientist, such as the microbiologist, looks to the sea as a laboratory, providing special opportunities to understand his subjects. Both groups are necessary to the strength of the scientific base.

Research contributions in the marine sciences have come from the universities, from industry, and from government laboratories. Research has been conducted both by multidisciplinary teams and by the physicist, chemist, biologist, or geologist working alone. The Federal Government has not only drawn on scientific results of completed research but has continuously sought the advice of non-Federal scientists as to what should be done and by whom. Close communication between the Federal Government and the universities has been a big factor in the success of U.S. science.