Table III-2—U.S. Contributions to International Fishery Commissions

• Includes small amount for travel expenses of U.S. Commissioners and their advisors. Not yet established.

• Not readily available.

-new programs of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission of coordinated research on ground fish and crab resources of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea; and

-agreement on effective conservation of North Pacific whales, and continuation of an agreed realistic quota for Antarctic whales.

New legislation (P.L. 90-482) included an amendment to the Fishermen's Protective Act to extend coverage of the Act to reimburse U.S. fishermen for license fees, registration fees, or any other direct charges in addition to fines imposed by foreign governments for fishing more than 12 miles from foreign coasts. The Act now provides that if any country which has seized an American vessel fails to make payment in full within 120 days after receiving notice of a claim, the Secretary of State shall withhold, pending such payment, an amount equal to such unpaid claim from any funds programed for the current fiscal year for assistance to the government of such country. Also, the Foreign Military Sales Act now provides that the United States cannot sell defense articles or services to any country that seizes or fines an American fishing vessel engaged in fishing more than 12 miles from the coast of that country. The Act permits a waiver by the President when he determines that the sale would be important to the security of the United States.

Fostering Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation

Federal agencies support several hundred projects involving bilateral cooperation, including the following types of programs:

-accommodation of foreign oceanographers on U.S. research platforms
and in U.S. laboratories;

-coordinated research projects involving U.S. and foreign ships;
-support of research conducted at foreign laboratories;

-support of U.S. scientists providing advice to foreign governments;
-training of foreign specialists at U.S. facilities in fishing technology,
military oceanography, and safety at sea;

-cooperation in joint search and rescue missions; --exchange of navigational aids and information;

-exchange of the right to reproduce foreign facsimile charts;

-technical assistance in surveying foreign harbors;

-magnetic aerial reconnaissance surveys of foreign coastal areas; -support of regional marine specimen collection and sorting activities; -joint studies of erosion, delta development, and other nearshore processes affecting the coastline; and

-risk guarantees for private fishery investment abroad.

In addition the United States participates in a wide variety of multilateral activities including:

-collection of environmental data through ships of opportunity; -participation in the Pacific tsunami 10 warning system;

-broad dissemination of weather and ocean data including data acquired from satellites;

-conducting the International Ice Patrol;

-support of international banking loans for fishery and port development; and

-broadened collection and dissemination of hydrographic data and charts.

The United States has bilateral science agreements with Italy, Iran, and Australia for potential cooperation in marine science. The U.S.-Japan Agreement on Natural Resources has been explicitly expanded to include marine sciences. An informal understanding is under discussion between the Marine Sciences Council and France's counterpart, the National Council for the Exploitation of the Oceans (CNEXO), for cooperative efforts between U.S. and French specialists. During the recent visit to the United States of the Prime Minister of Barbados, the President noted the importance of a bilateral agreement for a major air/sea interaction experiment

10 Seismic sea wave.

involving U.S. research ships, aircraft, spacecraft, and buoys 70 miles east of Barbados in 1969.

Among other 1968 highlights of our international cooperative endeavors

were:

-Following Council review of the opportunities for foreign participa-
tion in the Navy's SEALAB III experiments, aquanauts from Eng-
land, Canada, and Australia were invited to participate in the
experiments and observers from 50 countries were invited to visit
the SEALAB III site.

-The Navy has made available to foreign countries the technical
specifications to permit modification of foreign submarines to mate
with the Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle described in Chapter V.
-Preparations were made for participation in the trade exhibit,
Oceanology International '69, in Brighton, England, and for possible
inclusion of an oceanographic exhibit in the U.S. pavilion at the
Osaka World's Fair in 1970.
-Concurrently with efforts to stimulate foreign markets for
U.S. oceanographic products, a review is being undertaken of regu-
lations governing the export of American equipment.

-U.S. aircraft with remote sensing capability delineated the chang-
ing temperature pattern of the ocean surface layer which determines
the location of herring resources vital to the Icelandic economy
(Figure III-1).

Figure III-1—Location of Region of Fisheries Interest off Iceland

Seeking Future Opportunities

International attention is focusing sharply on a cooperative approach to the use of the oceans, and there are growing opportunities for our marine science programs to contribute to international understanding through (a) joint working projects, and (b) multilateral development of legal arrangements to prevent conflicts. Close consultations during the past year with many countries have demonstrated the broad common interest of the international community in strengthening collaborative efforts and in setting aside the oceans as an area free from conflict and dispute.

". . . all Americans-of present and future generations-have a right
to enjoy the shoreline experience."-REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT'S COM-
MISSION ON RECREATION AND NATURAL BEAUTY, "FROM SEA TO SHINING
SEA"

Chapter IV

ENHANCING BENEFITS FROM THE
COASTAL ZONE

Thirty States, with more than 75 percent of the Nation's population, are on the coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Great Lakes. More than 45 percent of our urban population lives in coastal counties, and almost all of the major megalopoli now projected for the year 2000 are in the Coastal Zone-the margin where land and water meet and interact (Figure IV-1).

Shipbuilding, maritime commerce, and the fishing industry could have developed only in the Coastal Zone. Our naval strength and our seaward. thrust for offshore oil, gas, and minerals must be based there. Many industries have found it advantageous to locate there because of proximity to ocean transport, labor, and product markets. With the demand for outdoor recreation increasing twice as fast as our burgeoning population, the American people increasingly seek the aesthetic benefits of the Coastal Zone-its