manage the Zone. This severe administrative fragmentation, as well as the confrontation between different interests, suggests the need for unifying concepts by which we can deal with these problems. Much can be accomplished in promoting optimal use of the Coastal Zone by increased emphasis on existing capabilities and on the use of existing authorities. However, it is apparent that a more comprehensive approach to planning and management is now imperative; no longer can there be delay if we are to reverse the degradation of our limited shoreline and realize the full benefit of being a coastal nation. Thus, the member agencies of the Marine Sciences Council are taking steps to encourage the States to strengthen and expand the necessary institutional framework for carrying out planned use of the Coastal Zone in the national interest. "Navies are not all for war." -MATTHEW FONTAINE MAURY Chapter V STRENGTHENING MILITARY PROGRAMS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY The marine science programs carried out by the Department of Defense, and particularly by the Department of the Navy, are principally designed to maintain and improve the capabilities of our military forces to conduct their assigned missions relating to national security. In view of growing world-wide interest in the oceans, both as potential areas of sophisticated military operations and as a source of living and mineral resources, the importance of military marine science and technology programs is steadily increasing. These programs contribute to more than immediate military purposes. They substantially strengthen our world-wide maritime presence and augment national political, economic, and scientific capabilities. Our naval forces play a central role in linking us with our allies, deterring potential adversaries, and containing limited conflicts. Military marine science programs are thus directed toward enhancing U.S. capabilities for strategic deterrence; anti-submarine operations; support of amphibious operations, mine warfare, and limited ground action; surveillance of the oceans; and operations to maintain and protect essential shipping. All military marine science programs are designed primarily to provide ocean-related scientific knowledge and engineering technology upon which to base policies, programs, and developmental and operational decisions. related to military security. Military efforts which make substantial contributions to other national needs and goals and which must be described with them to give a coherent picture of applicable Federal efforts are set forth as an integral part of other chapters of this Report. Knowledge gained from military programs is, to the extent permitted by security considerations, made available in unclassified form for general use. For example, the Navy's program in mapping, charting, and geodesy produces data and charts for navigation and world-wide shipping activity. During the past year all bathymetric data which would not compromise classified ship operations or installations were declassified and made available for public use. These data include sounding journals, echograms, collection sheets, small scale charts prepared for inclusion in scientific or technical papers, and similar information derived from both conventional and highly precise navigational positioning. The Navy's programs of ship design and materials development, the most comprehensive in the Nation, provide knowledge for private shipbuilding and Federal maritime agencies such as the Coast Guard, the Environmental Science Services Administration, and the Maritime Administration. Navy developments in navigation, which range from submerged, acoustic, position-keeping devices to systems for locating ship positions precisely on the earth's surface by means of satellites, have been released for scientific and commercial use. The programs of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, directed toward detection of underwater nuclear explosions, provide knowledge of the earth's crust and energy transmission characteristics relevant to earthquake studies and volcanology. At the same time a number of programs of civilian agencies contribute to Navy capabilities. For example, ESSA's conventional nautical charts and ESSA and Coast Guard surveys assist in meeting Navy requirements. The Scope of the Naval Oceanographic Program The Naval Oceanographic Program is concentrated in three areas: ocean science, ocean engineering and development, and oceanographic operations. These programs are intended to enhance the effectiveness of naval operations through a better understanding of the world's oceans and their boundaries and by providing effective materials, equipment, and techniques. The Ocean Science Program includes the study of the physical, chemical, biological, and geological characteristics of the oceans. Underwater acoustics is a major area of concern. Research and exploratory development in these areas are conducted under the Chief of Naval Research, in his capacity as the Assistant Oceanographer of the Navy for Ocean Science, utilizing the numerous Navy laboratories and contracts with private institutions, universities, and other contractors, and cooperating with other Government agencies such as the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The Ocean Engineering and Development Program is headed by the Chief of Naval Development in his capacity as Assistant Oceanographer of the Navy for Ocean Engineering with responsibility for undersea search, rescue, salvage, and construction. Inherent in this program is the necessary development effort required to insure that the best materials, tools, vehicles, habitats, and equipment are available for use in the marine environment. These programs are carried out in in-house laboratories and by contract to institutions and to the industrial community. Much of this entire program directly supports the efforts of the Supervisor of Salvage, who fulfills the Navy's broad responsibilities for both military and commercial salvage. The Oceanographic Operations Program involves direct support of both naval operating forces and navigators generally through the collection of environmental data by specially equipped ships, submarines, aircraft, and buoys, as well as other devices. The transformation of these data into useful products for Navy use, for other national programs, and, in some cases, for international distribution, is a responsibility of the Oceanographer of the Navy. The public obtains scientific and technical information procured, processed, and disseminated by the Naval Oceanographic Office through its charts and publications, its library and public information services, its field offices, and the National Oceanographic Data Center. Outside the Naval Oceanographic Program, the Navy has numerous other marine science responsibilities-for example, exchanges of information with foreign almanac offices; provision of precise time and time interval capabilities of all military departments; and logistic support of Antarctic programs. The Fiscal Year 1970 Budget Well over one-half of the Federal marine science program is sponsored by the Navy. Funds proposed for the marine science components of the military programs, categorized in this Report as programs for national security, amount to $143 million for FY 1970, about 27 percent of the total marine science budget.1 This represents a 12 percent increase over FY 1969, 1 All Navy programs are required for national security, but those that benefit the National Marine Science Program in other ways as well are categorized in tables of Appendix A and elsewhere in this Report under other headings. 329-466 069- -7 |