added to the Charter a paragraph providing for consultation and cooperation between non-governmental organizations, national and international, and the Economic and Social Council.

Article 71 is the answer of the Conference to this proposal:

"The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence. Such arrangements may be made with international organizations and, where appropriate, with national organizations after consultation with the Member of the United Nations concerned".

This paragraph stands on its own and needs no interpretation. It opens the way to close and orderly cooperation between the Economic and Social Council and the non-governmental organizations most vitally concerned in its work.

DECLARATIONS FOR THE RECORD

It has been shown earlier that the Conference went some way in stating in greater detail the economic and social objectives of the Organization. Several objectives such as the promotion of activities relating to health and the furthering of cultural and educational cooperation were included in the statement of purposes (Article 55). Some delegations wanted to go further and include additional items in the enumeration of objectives. In order to focus attention upon the major issues, the majority of delegations, including that of the United States, did not favor such a course.

To solve this dilemma and to make certain that these additional objectives should not be neglected by the Economic and Social Council, a number of delegations read declarations into the record of the Conference. These declarations called attention to the urgent need of international cooperation to organize or reconstitute specialized international organizations in specific fields or to take other action toward meeting specific problems of the post-war period.

As an echo from the war-torn territories of the world came a declaration by the Greek Delegation urging that the reconstruction of countries devastated by the war should be one of the principal aims of the Organization. The United States Delegation expressed its keen awareness of the importance and urgency of international cooperation in meeting the problems of reconstruction. It is a task of

such transcending urgency that it will have to be undertaken even before the Organization comes into existence.

Another field in which the Conference anticipated that the Economic and Social Council would be concerned is the control of the traffic in and suppression of the abuses of opium and other dangerous drugs. In this connection the United States Delegate made the following statement:

"

...

Experience has shown that drug control raises issues which can best be met not by an international health, economic or social agency, but by the type of specialized agencies now functioning so successfully in this field. Everything possible should be done to safeguard the continued operation of these agencies and services.

"The United States Delegation wishes to go on record as hoping that the Organization will be entrusted with supervision over the execution of existing or future international agreements with regard to the control of the legitimate traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs, and the suppression of illicit traffic in and abuse of such drugs; that there shall be established an advisory body to advise directly the Economic and Social Council on these matters; and that the existing agencies be regarded as autonomous agencies to be related directly to the Economic and Social Council".

The Delegation of Panama proposed the establishment of an International Office of Migration to help assure freedom of movement, which the Delegation considered essential to the development of world resources and in the interest of an expanding economy.

With regard to a declaration of the French Delegation recommending that there be convened within the next few months a general conference to draw up the Statute of an International Organization on Cultural Cooperation, the United States Delegate called attention to the fact that, though not a member of the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education in London, the United States had for more than a year been participating in its deliberations; that plans had there been laid for an international conference on an organization for educational and cultural cooperation to continue and expand the work begun after the last war; and that the Conference of Allied Ministers had recently voted to ask the Government of the United Kingdom to call such an international conference soon after the San Francisco Conference adjourned.

The Brazilian Delegation issued a declaration recommending the establishment of a Commission of Women to study the status and opportunity of women and, particularly, any discriminations and limitations placed upon them on account of their sex. Although the United States Delegation did not favor the establishment of such a commission composed exclusively of women, it did express its full agreement with any move designed to eliminate such discriminations and limitations as may still exist. In this connection the Delegation requested that the following statement be incorporated in the records of the Committee before which the matter was discussed:

"The position of the United States on the subject of equal opportunity for women is so well established and has been so often demonstrated in action that it does not need to be elaborated here. We expect women to play a constructive role in the development of the international community which the United Nations are today striving to organize. We are confident, also, that they will share in the benefits which will flow to the people of all lands from the cooperative efforts of their governments to solve economic and social, educational and cultural, and related human problems. Where women as a group suffer from discriminations, we believe that the commission on human rights contemplated in the draft Charter of the United Nations will be effective in helping to bring about the eventual disappearance of such disabilities. Moreover, the Delegation of the United States hopes that the excellent work of the Committee of Jurists appointed by the League of Nations to study the legal status of women throughout the world may be continued in an appropriate form, either as an advisory body to the Economic and Social Council or as a part of the commission on human rights which this Council is intended to establish”. Finally, the Delegations of Brazil and China submitted a joint. declaration recommending that a general conference be convened within the next few months for the purpose of establishing an International Health Organization which would be brought into relationship with the Economic and Social Council. This proposal met with the universal approval of all the delegations at the Conference.

LOOKING TO THE FUTURE

Chapters IX and X of the Charter re-affirm our faith in human progress. The Covenant of the League of Nations made no provision for any machinery for continued cooperation among its members on international economic and social matters, although Article 23 of the Covenant did contain general provisions looking toward the development of international activities. Their importance and the force of circumstances lead in time to the establishment of ad hoc committees and commissions and the elaboration of the work of the League of Nations Secretariat in these fields, while the activities of the International Labor Organization, in its somewhat restricted sphere, also made very material contributions. In the Charter of the United Nations, however, these issues have been recognized as parts of a single pattern of greatest importance for the maintenance of friendly relations among nations. Cooperation in these fields has been recognized as indispensable to the achievement of stability and wellbeing.

To achieve and strengthen such cooperation a new instrument has been forged. It promises to be an effective instrument. If properly used it may well become one of the most powerful means for the creation of an enduring peace among the nations.

DEPENDENT TERRITORIES AND ARRANGEMENTS

FOR TRUSTEESHIP

(Chapters XI-XIII)

Three basic principles of far-reaching significance to the future of dependent territories and their peoples were embodied in the United Nations Charter at San Francisco: first, that nations responsible for the administration of dependent territories should recognize that they are accountable to the world community for the well-being and development of the peoples under their authority; second, that the political, economic, social, and educational advancement of dependent peoples is a primary concern; and, third, that dependent territories must be administered in such manner as to contribute to the maintenance of peace and security.

THE PROBLEM

The problem of the dependent territories from the point of view of international concern stems from the fact that approximately a quarter of the people of the world live in territories which are not fully self-governing. The peoples of the dependent territories, not having a sufficiently advanced political status, are, at the present stage of their development, ineligible to United Nations membership. Their interests, therefore, must be represented in the world organization by those independent states which are responsible for their administration.

The objectives of the deliberations on this problem were two-fold: first, to establish a system of international trusteeship which would accommodate any of the existing mandated territories or territories detached from enemy states in this war which might, by subsequent agreements, be brought within the system, or such other territories as might be voluntarily placed under it by states responsible for their administration; and, second, to agree upon a Declaration of general standards and principles of colonial administration, including recognition of the political aspirations of the peoples and their right to self-government and free political institutions, which would apply to all dependent territories. It was considered desirable that any territories placed under the system of international trusteeship should be administered in such manner that the political, social, and eco