The gray-eyed morn shines on the frowning night Checquering the castern clouds with streaks of light. Id.

I'll say yon gray is not the morning's eye; "Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. Id. Our women's names are more gracious than their Casilia, that is, gray-eyed. Camden's Remains. Living creatures generally do change their hair with age, turning to be gray; as is seen in men, though some earlier and some later; in horses, that are dappled and turn white; in old squirrels that turn grisly, and many others. Bacon's Natural History. Anon,

Assemble.

Gray-headed men and grave, with warriours mixed Milton's Paradise Lost. They left me then, when the gray headed even, Like a sad votarist in palmer's weed, Rose from the hindmost wheels of Phobus' wain.

West, son of the lord chancellor of Ireland. Mr. West and Mr. Gray were both intended for the bar; but the latter was diverted from that pursuit by an invitation to accompany Mr. Walpole in his travels; which he accepted without any determined plan for his future life. Wheu he returned, finaing himself in narrow circumstances, yet with a mind not disposed for active employment, he retired to Cambridge, and devoted himself to study. Soon after his return, his friend West died: and the melancholy impressed on him by this event may be traced in his admired Elegy written in a country churchyard, which is thought to have been written at this time. The first impulse of his sorrow for the death of his friend gave birth also to a Sonnet, on the Model of Petrarch; and to an Apostrophe in Hexameters, with which he intended to begin one of his books De Principis Cogitandi. From the winter of 1742 to his death his residence was at Cambridge; except between 1759 and 1762; when, on the opening of the British Museum, he took lodgings in Southampton-Row, in order to have recourse to the Harleian, and other MSS. About 1747 Mr. Mason, the editor of Mr. Gray's poems, was introduced to him. Mason had written some imitations of Milton's Juvenile Poems viz. A Monody on the death of Mr. Pope, and two pieces, entitled Il Billicoso and Il Pacifico, on the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle; and Mr. Gray revised them. This laid the foundation of an intimacy which continued without interruption till Mr. Gray's death. About 1760 Mr. Gray finally revised his celebrated Elegy written in a country church-yard, and communicated it to his friend Mr. Walpole, and it was shown about for some time in MS. At last the publisher of one of the magazines having obtained a surreptitious copy of it, Gray wrote to Walpole, desiring that he would put his own MS. into the hands of Mr. Dodsley, and order him to print it immediately. This was the most popular of all our author's publications. It ran through eleven editions in a very short time; and was finally translated into Latin by Messrs Ansty and Roberts, and by Mr. Lloyd. From 1759 to 1762, he generally resided in London. In July, 1768, the duke of Grafton wrote him, that his majesty had been pleased to offer to bim the professorship of Modern History in the university of Cambridge, then vacant. This place was valuable, the salary being £400 a-year; and was the more acceptable to Mr. Gray that it was given him without solicitation.

He seems early in life to have had an intention of publishing an edition of Strabo; for his papers contain a great number of notes and geographical disquisitions on that author, partienlarly with respect to that part of Asia which comprehends Persia and India. Another work, on which he bestowed uncommon labor, was the Anthologia. In an interleaved copy of that collection of Greek epigrams, he has transcribed several additional ones, which he selected in his extensive reading; and has inserted a great number of critical notes and emendations, and subjoined a copious index. But whether he intended this performance for the press or not, is uncertain.

The only work which he undertook with this direct view from the beginning, was A History of English Poetry, upon a plan sketched out by Pope. He has mentioned this himself in an advertisement to those three fine imitations of Norse and Welsh poetry, which he gave the world in the last edition of his poems. But, after he had made some preparations for the execution of this design, being informed that Mr. Warton, of Trinity College, Oxford, was engaged in a work of the same kind, he relinquished the undertaking; and soon after, on that gentleman's desiring a sight of his plan, our author readily sent him a copy of it. Mr. Gray had acquired a great knowledge of Gothic architecture. He had seen and studied in his youth, while abroad, the Roman proportions, both in ancient times, and in the works of Palladio. In his later years he applied himself to consider those stupendous structures of more modern date that adorn our own country; which, if they have not the same grace, have undoubtedly equal dignity. He endeavoured to trace this mode of building from the time it commenced through its various changes, till it arrived at its perfection in the reign of Henry VIII. and ended in that of Elizabeth. But his favorite study for the last ten years of his life was natural history. The marginal notes which he has left on Linnæus and other writers on the vegetable, animal, and fossile kingdoms, are numerous: but the most considerable are on Hudson's Flora Anglica, and the tenth edition of the Systema Naturæ. He died in 1771; and an edition of his poems, with memoirs of his life and writings, was published in 4to., in 1775, by Mr. Mason.

GRAY (Edward Whitaker), F.R.S., an English physician and naturalist, was several years senior secretary to the Royal Society, and keeper of the department of natural history and antiquities at the British Museum. He was the author of an Account of the Epidemic Catarrh of the year 1782, in the first volume of Dr. Duncan's Medical Commentaries; Observations on the Manner in which Glass is charged with the Electric Fluid and discharged; and Observations on the Class of Animals called, by Linnæus, Amphibia; both published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dr. Gray died in January, 1807, aged fifty-nine.

GRAY'S HARBOUR, a bay on the west coast of North America, examined by Vancouver. The entrance, about a mile wide, has a bar directly across, after passing which, the channel appears to be uninterrupted, the northern side being deepest. Long. 236° 7′ E., lat. 47° N.

GREASE, n. s. & v. a. Fr. graisse; Ital. GREASINESS, a. s. grassa,grasso; of Lat. GREAS'Y, adj. Crassus. Minsheu. The soft part of animal fat; a disease in the legs of horses: oily; fat; unctuous: to smear with grease; and, figuratively, to bribe or corrupt with presents.

Grease, that's sweaten
From the murtherer's gibbet, throw
Into the flame.

Shakspeare. Macbeth.
Let's consult together against this greasy knight.
Shakspeare.

Great things, and full of wonder. Of high rank; of large power.

Milton.

Milton.

It is not long since these two eyes beheld
A mightie prince, of most renowned race,
Whom England high in count of honour held,
And greatest ones did sue to gaine his grace;
Of greatest ones he greatest in his place.

Spenser. Faerie Queene. Such men as he be never at heart's ease, Whilst they behold a greater than themselves. Shakspeare.

Worthiest by being good, Far more than great or high. Milton. Misfortune made the throne her seat, And none could be unhappy but the great.

Rowe.

The marble tombs that rise on high, Whose dead in vaulted arches lie; These, all the poor remains of state, Adorn the rich, or praise the great. Parnell. Of all the great how few

Are just to heaven, and to their promise true! Pope.

Opulent; sumptuous; magnificent. Not Babylon,

Nor great Alcairo, such magnificence Equalled in all their glories.

Milton.

He disdained not to appear at great tables and festival entertainments.

intellectually great; sublime.

Atterbury.

Despise the farce of state, The sober follies of the wise and great. General; extensive in consequence or influ

It is added in every step of ascending or descending consanguinity: as great grandson is the son of my grandson.

I dare not yet affirm for the antiquity of our language, that our great-great-great grandsires' tongue Camden.

came out of Persia. What we call great great grandfather they called forthafader. Id. Remains.

Their holy-day-cloaths go from father to son, and are seldom worn out till the second or third generation; so that 'tis common enough to see a countryman in the doublet and breeches of his great grandfather. Addison.

Hard; difficult; grievous. A proverbial expression.

It is no great matter to live lovingly with good-natured and meek persons. Taylor's Devotion.

GREAT, n. s. [from the adjective]. The whole; the gross; the whole in a lump.

To let out thy harvest by great or by day, Let this by experience lead thee the way: By great will deceive thee with lingering it out, By day will dispatch. Tusser's Husbandry.

It were behoveful, for the strength of the navy, that no ships should be builded by the great; for by daily experience they are found to be weak and imperfect. Raleigh's Essays.

He did at length so many slain forget,
And lost the tale, and took them by the great.

Dryden. Carpenters build an house by the great, and are agreed for the sum of money.

Mozon's Mechanical Exercises.

I set aside one day in a week for lovers, and interpret by the great for any gentlewoman who is turned of sixty.

Addison.

We can have no positive idea of any space or duration, which is not made up of and commensurate to repeated numbers of feet or yards, or days or years, and whereby we judge of the greatness of these sort of quantities. Locke.

All absent good does not, according to the greatness it has, or is acknowledged to have, cause pain equal to that greatness, as all pain causes desire equal to it

self; because the absence of good is not always a pain, as the presence of pain is.

Id.

Greatbellied women

That had not half a week to go, like rams
In the old time of war, would shake the press.

Shakspeare.

A greatbellied woman, walking through the city in the day-time, had her child struck out of her womb, and carried half a furlong from her. Wilkins.

GREATEN, v. a. From great. To aggrandize; to enlarge; to magnify. A word little used.

After they sought to greaten themselves in Italy itself, using strangers for the commanders of their armies, the Turks by degrees beat them out of all their goodly countries. Raleigh. A favourite's business is to please his king, a minister's to greaten and exalt him. Kenyon. GREATHEARTED. adj. Great and heart. Highspirited; undejected."

The carl, as greathearted as he, declared that he neither cared for his friendship, nor feared his hatred. Clarendon.

The most servile flattery is lodged most easily in the grossest capacity; for their ordinary conceit draweth a yielding to greatness, and then have they not wit to discern the right degrees of duty. Sidney. Farewell, a longing farewell to all my greatness.

My lord would have you know, that it is not of pride or greatness that he cometh not aboard your ships. Bacon, Merit; magnanimity; nobleness of mind.

Greatness of mind and nobleness their seat Build in her loveliest.

Milton.

Grandeur; state; magnificence. Greatness with Timon dwells in such a draught, As brings all Brobdignag before your thought.

GREAT BRITAIN. In the article BRITAIN we shall be found to have introduced a general description of this important island, and to have traced its history from the remotest ages with which we are acquainted, to the period of the establishment of the Saxon kingdom of England, under Egbert. The article ENGLAND pursues the history of that country until the kingdoms of England and Scotland were united under the dominion of one sovereign, James I., and furnishes also the general statistical details, a statement of the rise and progress of the manufactures, present commerce, government, income, &c. of Great Britain. We have undertaken in the present article to complete the history of Great Britain, and to add a few statistical and mis

Pope.

cellaneous details necessary for completing our picture of the existing state of the empire. PART I.

HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

1. Of the reigns of the House of Stuart to the death of Charles I.-Queen Elizabeth, as we have stated, had expressly recognised the claim of her 'cousin of Scotland' to succeed to the throne; and few sovereigns ever assumed the regal authority with more general approbation, or greater hopes of a peaceable and happy reign. These hopes, however, were soon blasted; and the history of this monarch's reign consists of little more than a detail of his disputes with parliament. A minute account of these we cannot

here enter upon; it would afford but little gratification or instruction to our readers; but it is of importance to know their origin, as they were the primary causes of those events which were soon so conspicuous in the history of Great Britain, and which resulted in our ever memorable Revolution.

In the semi-barbarous ages, which preceded this period, the human mind, enervated by superstition and obscured by ignorance, seems to have resigned all pretensions to liberty, either religious or civil. Unlimited and uncontrolled despotism prevailed every where; and though in England some gleams of better principles of government, and of the dawn of better times appeared, the many examples of arbitrary power exerted by her sovereigns, queen Elizabeth herself not excepted, show that the English were very far from being a free people. An incontestable proof of this, and an evidence how little restraint the people could then lay upon the authority of the sovereign, is, that the proceedings of parliament were accounted, even by the members, of so little consequence, that they did not keep any records of them. It was not till the year 1607, four years after the accession of James, that parliamentary journals began to be regularly compiled, on the motion of Sir Edwin Sandys. Neither were the sessions of parliament regular, and little attention was paid to the choice or continuance of the members. In the reign of Elizabeth, and her predecessors, the sessions did not continue above the twelfth part so long as the vacations. It was then usual, after a parliament had been prolonged beyond one session, for the chancellor to exert a discretionary power of issuing new writs to supply the place of any members whom he judged incapable of attending; and, so late as the 23rd of Elizabeth, the commons, of their own accord, without the smallest court influence, and contrary to some former votes of their own, confirmed the chancellor's power in this respect. Nor did they farther assert their privileges, than to vote, that during the sitting of parliament there do not, at any time, any writ go out for the choosing or returning any member without the warrant of the house.'

Towards the end of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth century, a great, but gradual mental revolution took place throughout all Europe. Arts and sciences beginning to flourish, commerce and navigation were greatly extended, and learning of all kinds began to diffuse itself. By more enlarged views, the love of freedom began, in Britain especially, to take place in the breasts of most people of education; and this was greatly promoted by an acquaintance with the ancient Greek and Latin historians. A patriotic spirit arose, and a desire of circumscribing the excessive prerogatives and arbitrary proceedings of the crown rapidly spread throughont the nation. Nor was this desire unreasonable, or ill-founded. During the last years of queen Elizabeth's reign, the commerce, navigation, and number of seamen in England, had sensibly decayed. A remonstrance from the Trinity House in 1602 says, that since 1588, the number of seamen and shipping had decreased about a third part. Every species of domestic industry was

fettered by monopolists; all foreign trade, except that to France, was brought by exclusive companies into the hands of a few rapacious engrossers; and all prospect of future improvement in commerce was sacrificed to a little temporary advantage of the sovereign. These companies, arbitrarily erected, had carried their privileges so far, that almost all the trade of England centered in London; the customs of that port alone amounting to £110,000 a-year, while those of all the rest of the kingdom were only £17,000 And this trade of London was confined to about 200 citizens, who were easily enabled, by combining among themselves, to fix whatever price they pleased both on the exports and imports of the nation. The country was also burdened with wardships and purveyances. The latter arose from an old prerogative of the crown, by which the officers of the household were empowered to take, without consent of the owners, provisions for the king's family, and carts and horses for the removal of his baggage, upon paying a stated price for them. The king had also a power of sending any person, without his consent, on whatever message he pleased; and thus he could easily force any individual to pay him whatever money he chose, rather than be sent out of the country on a disagreeable errand. Money extorted from individuals, by this or any other method, was called a benevolence. The rising spirit of patriotism, which claimed a redress of these grievances, the severe government of Elizabeth had confined within very narrow bounds: but when James succeeded, being a foreign prince, less dreaded and less beloved, symptoms of a more free and independent spirit immediately appeared. Happily James neither perceived the alteration, nor had sufficient capacity to check its early advances. He had established in his own mind a speculative system of absolute government, which few of his subjects, and none but traitors and rebels, he thought, would make any scruple to admit; and considered himself as entitled to equal prerogatives with other European sovereigns. In his person he imagined all legal power to be centered by an hereditary and a divine right; nay, so fully was he persuaded that he was the absolute proprictor of his subjects, that in his speech to the parliament in 1621, he told them, that he wished them to have said, that, their privileges were derived from the grace and permission of him and his ancestors' And when the same parliament protested that the liberties, franchises, privileges, and jurisdictions of parliament, are the ancient and undoubted birth-right and inheritance of the subjects of England,' he was so enraged, that, sending for the journals of the commons, he, with his own hand, before the council, tore out this protest, and ordered his reasons to be inserted in the council book. Such were the opposite dispositions of the prince and parliament, at the commencement of the Scottish line; disposit ons just beginuing to exist and to appear in parliament, but thoroughly established, and openly avowed on the part of the king, throughout his whole reign. The consequence was, that during this reign the prerogatives of the crown violently and openly attacked; chiefly on the grounds of money and religion. The king's hogy

were