GRA 385 GRATIAN, the son of Valentinian I. by his first wife, was associated in the empire by his father, at Amiens, in 365, and succeeded him in 367; a prince equally extolled for his eloquence and modesty. He associated Theodosius with him in the empire, and advanced the poet Ausonius to the consulate. He made a great slaughter of the Germans at Strasburg, and hence was surnamed Alemannicus. He was the first emperor who refused the title of Pontifex Maximus, on account of its being a Pagan dignity. He was assassinated by Andragathius in 375, in the twenty-fourth year of his age. GRATIAN, a British soldier in the Roman army, who was crowned emperor by the legions in Britain, about A. D. 407, but was murdered by them within four months. GRATIAN, a famous Benedictine monk, in the He was emtwelfth century, born at Chiousi. ployed nearly twenty-four years in composing a work, entitled Decretum, or Concordantia Discordantium Canonum, because he there endeavoured to reconcile the canons which seemed contradictory to each other. This work was published in 1151. As he is frequently mistaken, in taking one canon of one council, or one passage of one father, for another, and has often cited false decretals, several authors have endeavoured to correct his faults; and chiefly Anthony Augustine, in his excellent work entitled De Emendatione Gratiani. GRATINGS, in a ship, are small edges of sawed plank, framed one into another like a lattice or prison grate, lying on the upper deck, between the main-mast and fore-mast, serving for a defence in a close fight, and also for the coolness, light, and convenience of the ship's company. GRATIOLA, hedge hyssop, a genus of the monogynia order, and driandria class of plants; natural order fortieth, personatæ : COR. is irregular: there are two barren stamina : CAPS. is bilocular: CAL. seven leaves, with the two exterior ones patulous. There are fifteen species; the most remarkable of which, the G. officinalis, the common hedge hyssop, grows naturally on the Alps, and other mountainous parts of Europe. It has a thick, fleshy, fibrous creeping root, which propagates very much, when planted in a proper soil and situation. From this arise several upright square stalks, garnished with narrow spear-shaped leaves, placed opposite. The flowers are produced on the side of the stalks at each joint: they are shaped like those of the fox-glove, but are small, and of a pale yellowish color. This herb has an emetic and purgative virtue; to answer which intentions, it was formerly used by the common people in England, but was never much prescribed by the physicians, and at last fell totally into disuse. It is the subject of a dissertation by Dr. James Kostrzewski of Warsaw, in Poland; who gives some remarkable accounts of its effects in mania and obstinate venereal cases. It was given in powder, or in extract, to the quantity of half a drachm of the first, and a whole drachm of the second, at each dose. GRATIOSA, a beautiful and fertile island of the Azore cluster, about twenty miles in circumVOL. X.-PART 2. ference. The chief town is Santa Cruz, where, GRATIOSA, a small rocky and barren island, GRATTAN (Henry), a celebrated Irish statesman, was born about 1750, in Dublin, of which city his father was recorder. Having studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and in one of the inns of court, he was called to the bar; but, being elected into the Irish parliament in 1775, gave himself up to public business, and, by his powerful remonstrances, obtained for his country the concessions of 1782, for which he was rewarded by the Irish parliament with a vote of £50,000. In 1790 he was returned for the city of Dublin, principally to oppose the union; but when it was effected he accepted a seat in the imperial parliament for Malton. He now supported the war policy of the government, but his principal exertions were called forth in advocating the Catholic claims, to which cause indeed he fell a martyr by leaving Ireland in an exhausted state to bring their petition to England. He died soon after his arrival, May 14th 1820, and was inerred in Westminster Abbey. GRATZ, a respectable old town, the capital of one of the five circles of Styria, situated on the Muhr. The ancient part is small, enclosed by a wall and ditch. The citadel stands on a very steep hill on the banks of the river, and the town has been gradually accumulated round it. Since 1787 it has been the see of a bishop, and was the seat of a university from 1585 to 1782; but the place of that seminary is now supplied by a lyceum, or academy, and a large school. The houses in general are of stone, and it has twenty-two churches and chapels, including the cathedral, once the parish church. The emperor Ferdinand II., who was a native of Gratz, has a mausoleum here, remarkable for its internal ornamental sculpture. Here is also a library said to contain from 3000 to 4000 MSS., besides the theatre and barracks, which are said to be entitled to attention; as is also the Johanneum, a museum for the antiquities of Styria. Gratz contains manufactures of hardware, saltpetre, cotton, and silk. The environs are very fertile, the hills being covered with plantations and vineyards, intermingled with villages and detached cottages. It is fifty-six miles N. N. E. of Cilley, and 100 south-west of Vienna. GRATZ, one of the circles of the duchy of Styria, comprises the northern part of Lower Styria, lying on both sides of the Muhr, and has an area of 2100 square miles. The surface is hilly, but there are few high mountains; and the valleys are fertile and picturesque, particularly between Gratz and Bruck. The pasturage is the chief agricultural object of attention, and the cattle, milk, butter, and cheese, are in repute. The steep grounds of the hills contain large It forests of pine, but the chief riches of this circle, as of Styria in general, arise from its mines, and the manufactures connected with them. contains a large number of villages. Population 2 C 300,000. GRAUDENTZ, or GRUDZIADZ, a town of West Prussia, at the confluence of the Ossa and Vistula. It conducts manufactures of cloth and extensive breweries, with some trade in corn and tobacco. The inhabitants are chiefly German Lutherans, but the Catholics have a church and a public school. Near this place a strong fort was erected on the bank of the Vistula in 1776, and in 1798 a bridge of boats was laid across that river. It is fourteen miles N. N. E. of Culm, and fifty-five south of Dantzic. Population 6700. GRAVE, n. s. & adj. GRAVE-CLOTHES, n. s. GRAVE-STONE, n. s. GRAVE LESS, adj. GRAVELY, adv. GRAVE'NESS, n. s. GRAVITY, n. s. GRAVIDITY, n. s. GRAVITATE, V. n. GRAVITATION, n. s. GRAVEOLENT, adj. Sax. gnæ; Goth. grauf, grav; Belg. and Swed.graf; Fr. grave, gravité; Latin gravis, graveolens, gravidus, gravitas. The place in which the dead are deposited; the dress of the dead; the monumental stone: solemn; serious; weighty; atrocious tendency to centre of attraction. Gravidity is a word used to denote a state of pregnancy. Graveless, without a grave; unburied. Grave, a final syllable in the names of places, is from the Saxon gnær, a grove or cave.-Gibson's Camden. Sche goith to the graue, to wepe there. mercy Wiclif. Jon. xi. And he that was dead came forth, bound hand and foot with grave-cloaths. John xi. 44. The frosty grave and colde must be my bedde, Without ye list your grace and shewe. Chaucer. The Court of Love. Therefore to ground he would him cast no more, Ne him commit to grave terrestrial, But beare him far from hope of comfort usual. Spenser. Faerie Queene. But of such subtle substance and unsound, That like a ghost he seemed, whose grave-cloaths were unbound. Spenser. A plume of aged trees does wave. Marvell. Bodies do swim or sink in different liquors, according to the tenacity or gravity of those liquors which are to support them. Browne. Accent, in the Greek names and usage, seems to have regarded the tone of the voice, the acute accent raising the voice, in some syllables, to a higher, i. e. more acute pitch or tone, and the grave depressing it lower, and both having some emphasis, i. e. more vigorous pronunciation. Holder. Even the grave and serious characters are distinguished by their several sorts of gravity. Dryden. They were wont once a year to meet at the graves that had intended thereby only to punish the injury ings and triumphs, to praise their virtues, to bless of the martyrs; there solemnly to recite their suffer No man could ever have thought this reasonable, committed, according to the gravity of the fact. Now it is the time of night, That the graves, all gaping wide, Every one lets forth his spright, In the church-way paths to glide. Hooker. God for their pious examples, for their holy lives, Nelson. and their happy deaths. A flood of waters would overwhelm all those fragments which the earth broke into, and bury in one common grave all the inhabitants of the earth. Burnet. The emperors often jested on their rivals or predecessors, but their mints still maintained their gravity. Addison. Prior. A girl longs to tell her confidant that she hopes to be married in a little time, and asks her very gravely what she would have her to do. Id. Spectator. Youth on silent wings is flown; Graver years come rolling on. That quality by which all heavy bodies tend towards the centre, accelerating their motion the nearer they approach towards it, true philosophy has shewn to be unsolvable by any hypothesis, and resolved it into the immediate will of the Creator. Of all bodies, considered within the confines of any fluid, there is a twofold gravity, true and absolute, and vulgar or comparative; absolute gravity is the whole force by which any body tends downwards; but the relative or vulgar is the excess of gravity in one body above the specific gravity of the fluid, whereby it tends downwards more than the ambient fluid doth. Quincy. Though this increase of density may at great dis BODLEIAN 9 55 1071 VIBRARY Women, obstructed, have not always the forementioned symptoms: in those the signs of gravidity and obstructions are hard to be distinguished in the beginning. Arbuthnot on Diet. That subtle matter must be of the same substance with all other matter, and as much as is comprehended within a particular body must gravitate jointly with that body. Bentley. To laugh, were want of goodness and of grace;. And to be grave exceeds all power of face. Pope. When the loose mountain trembles from on high, Shall gravitation cease, if you go by? Id. Catius is ever moral, ever grave, Thinks who endures a knave is next a knave, Save just at dinner-then prefers, no doubt, A rogue with ven'son to a saint without. Id. Swift. Wisdom's above suspecting wiles; The queen of learning gravely smiles. A formal story was very gravely carried to his excellency, by some zealous members. Id. They have as much reason to pretend to, and as much necessity to aspire after, the highest accomplishments of a Christian and solid virtue, as the gravest and wisest among Christian philosophers. Law. He will tell you, with great gravity, that it is a dangerous thing for a man that has been used to get money, ever to leave it off, Is't not enough the blockhead scarce can read, But must he wisely look, and gravely plead? Id. Young. There would he dream of graves and corses pale. Beattie's Minstrel. Checked by the scoff of Pride, by Envy's frown, And Poverty's unconquerable bar; In life's low vale, remote, has pined alone, Then dropt into the grave unpitied, and unknown. Id. And there-oh! sweet and sacred be the name!Julia-the daughter, the devoted-gave Her youth to Heaven; her heart, beneath a claim, Nearest to Heaven's, broke o'er a father's grave. Byron. Childe Harold. GRAVE, v. a. & v. n. Sax. gɲapan; Goth. GRAV'ER, n. s. grafa; Belg. graaven; GRAVING, n. s. Fr. graver, graveur; Gr. ypapw. To insculp or carve figures out of stone, iron, or any hard substance; to write upon or delineate; to clean, caulk, and sheath a ship: graver is one who copies pictures upon wood or metal to be impressed on paper; the style or tool used in graving: graving is carved work. Thou shalt make a plate of pure gold, and grave upon it. Exodus xxviii. 36. Skilfu. to work in gold; also to grave any manner of graving, and to find out every device which shall be put to him. 2 Chron. ii. 14. What profiteth the graven image, that the make, thereof hath graven it. Hebrews ii. 18. Go, sell it them that smalè seles grave; We wol the not. Chaucer. Troilus and Creseide. Eke some men grave in tre, some in stone wal, As it betide: but sith I have begonne, Mine authour shall I folow as I konne. And aftir this was graved, alas' How Ilions castill assailed was, And won, and kyng Priamus slain, And Polites his sonne certain, Dispitously of Dan Pyrrhus. Id. Chaucer. Later vows, oaths, or leagues, can never blot out those former gravings or characters, which by just and lawful oaths were made upon their souls. King Charles. Cornice with bossy sculptures graven. Milton. With all the care wherewith I tried upon it the known ways of softening gravers, I could not soften this. Boyle. The gravers can, and ought, to imitate the bodies of the colours by the degrees of the lights and shadows: 'tis impossible to give much strength to what they grave, after the works of the schools, without imitacing in some sort the colour of the objects. Dryden's Dufresnoy. If he makes a design to be graved, he is to remember that the gravers dispose not their colours as the painters do; and that, by consequence, he must take occasion to find the reason of his design in the natural shadows of the figures, which he has disposed to cause the effect. Thy sum of duty let two words contain; O! may they graven in thy heart remain ! Be humble and be just. The toilsome hours in different labour slide, Some work the file, and some the graver guide. Id. Prior. Gay's Fables. GRAVE, in grammar, a species of accent opposite to acute. The grave accent is expressed thus(); and shows that the voice is to be depressed, and the syllable over which it is placed pronounced in a low deep tone. GRAVE, in music, is applied to a sound which is in a low or deep tone. The thicker the chord or string, the more grave the tone or note, and the smaller the acuter. Notes are supposed to be the more grave, in proportion as the vibrations of the chord are less quick. GRAVE, a town of North Brabant, in the Netherlands, on the left bank of the Maese: it is fortified, and made a gallant defence against the French in the winter of 1794-5. Population 1600. Nine miles south by west of Nimeguen and eighteen north-east of Bois le Duc. GRAVER. See ENGRAVING. GRAV'EL, n. s. & v. a.) Fr. gravelle, graveGRAV'ELLY, adj. leux; Belg. graveel; Gothic griv; Ital. gravella. Hard sand; sandy concretions in the kidneys: to pave or cover with gravel; to stick in the sand: figuratively to puzzle; to perplex; to disquiet. A gravelly soil is one in which gravel abounds. -I sawe a little well, Chaucer. Complaint of the Blacke Knight. |