GUSTROW, a walled town of MecklenburgSchwerin, in the principality of Wenden, situated on the Nebel. It has six gates, a castle, and about 6000 inhabitants. Here are several breweries and brandy distilleries: sixteen miles south of Rostock, and twenty-nine east of Wismar.

GUT, n. s. & v. a. GUTTLE, v. a. & v.n. GUTTLER, n. s.

Skete.

Germ. kutteln; Goth. guid; Scot. A long GUZZLE, v. n., v. a. & n. s. membranous canal reaching from the stomach to the anus, called intestines; the stomach; figuratively used for gluttony: to gut is to eviscerate; to draw; to plunder of its contents: a guttler one who feeds luxuriously; a greedy eater or gormandiser. Guzzle has principal reference to greediness in drinking; to swallow with immoderate gust.

God for his manace him so sore smote, With invisible wound, ay incurable, That, in his guttes, carfe it so and bote, That his peines weren importable; And certainly the wreche was resonable, For many a mannes guttes did he peine. Chaucer. The Monkes Tale. This lord wears his wit in his belly, and his guts in his head. Shakspeare. Troilus and Cressida.

A viol should have a lay of wire-strings below, close to the belly, and then the strings of guts mounted upon a bridge, that by this means the upper strings

stricken should make the lower resound.

Bacon's Natural History. The fishermen save the most part of their fish some are gutted, splitted, powdered, and dried. Carew's Cornwall.

Apicius, thou did'st on thy guts bestow Full ninety millions; yet, when this was spent, Ten millions still remained to thee; which thou, Fearing to suffer thirst and famishment, In poisoned potion drankest.

Hakewill on Providence. And crammed them 'till their guts did ake, With cawdle, custard, and plum-cake. Hudibras. Well seasoned bowls the gossip's spirits raise, Who while she guzzles chats the doctor's praise.

Roscommon.

Andrews for the Scotch kirk, and in 1644 was placed as minister in the parish of Finwick, but after holding his preferment twenty years, was ejected as a nonconformist. He wrote the Christian's great Interest, still held in esteem. His death took place in 1665.

Another WILLIAM GUTHRIE, who has been confounded with the above, was born at Breichen, in the same county, in 1701, or 1708; and, after passing through a course of study at Aberdeen, quitted his native country in consequence of a love affair, and commenced author in London. Here he published a History of England, in 3 vols. folio; A Translation of Quintilian, in 2 vols. 8vo.; as also one of some of Cicero's works. The Friends, a novel, 2 vols.; and Remarks on English Tragedy, 8vo. The Geographical Grammar, which goes under his name, is said to have been compiled by Knox, a bookseller in the Strand. A History of Scotland in 10 vols. ; a History of the Peerage, 4to.; and a Universal History, in 13 vols., are also ascribed to him. Mr. Guthrie finally obtained a pension, and a commission of the peace for Middlesex. He died in 1770.

GUTTA, n. s. a Latin term for drop.
GUTTE. See ARCHITECTURE.

GUTTE ANGLICANE, English drops, a chemical preparation esteemed of great virtue against vapors and lethargic affections, and purchased at £5000 by king Charles II. from the inventor, Dr. Goddard. It is a spirit drawn by the retort from raw silk, and rectified with an essential oil

GUTTA ROSACEA, in medicine, a red or pimpled face; a distemper, which, though not always owing to hard drinking, is most incident to tipplers.

GUTTA SERENA, a disease in which the patient, without any apparent fault in the eye, is deprived of sight. See MEDICINE.

GUTTATED, adj. Į Latin gutta, guttula. GUT TULOUS, adj. 3 Besprinkled with drops, or in the form of a drop.

Ice is plain upon the surface of the water, but round in hail, which is also a glaciation, and figured in its guttulous descent from the air.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. GUTTENBURG, or GUTTEMBURG (John), one of the reputed inventors of the art of printing, was born at Mentz, in 1400, of wealthy parents. In 1427 he was at Strasburgh, as a merchant; but returned to Mentz in 1430, and, between that time and 1439, appears to have made some trials of printing with metal or other types. In 1446 he entered into partnership with Fust, the result of which was the publication of the celebrated Bible of 637 leaves, the first considerable specimen of printing with metal types. John Guttenberg died in 1467. GUTTER, n. s. & v. a. Lat. guttur, gutturalis. A passage GUTTURAL, adj. GUT TURALNESS, n. s. S for water; a longitudinal hollow the verb signifies to drain or cut in hollows. Guttural is descriptive of sounds pronounced with the throat.

Be as be male; for ernest or for game,
He shall awake, and rise, and go his waie
Out at this gutter, er that it be daie.

Chaucer. Legende of Gode Women.

Arbuthnot.

GYMNASTICS. From yuuvos, naked, because the ancient exercises of this kind were performed naked; a modern name for certain exercises ancient and modern, which have been thus distinguished. The ancient gymnasium was little more than a school for warriors, those exercises only being encouraged, the advantages of which were seen in the field: hence boxing and the pancratium fell into disrepute, solely because the corpulence they encouraged was injurious to the military character. Thus Plutarch says, It would take three shields to cover a pugilist;' and Cato enquires, Of what service can a man be to his country who is nothing but belly?' The modern gymnasium has no such pretensions: in it the arts of war are not cultivated; but the manly exercise of the limbs, the consequent vigor of the muscles, and the health and robustness necessarily ensuing, are its main objects. This article, therefore, naturally divides itself into, I. The History of Gymnastics, ancient and modern. II. The more particular description of modern Gymnastic exercises.

PART I.

HISTORY OF GYMNASTICS.

With regard to the history of gymnastic exercises, their origin, it is evident, must be nearly coeval with the first congregation of men into societies. At that time, when agility and strength were the principal requisites of a warrior, when leaping, hurling the javelin, racing, wrestling, &c., were exercises which alone would fit men for the field, enable them to repel the attacks of their neighbours, or in turn to become themselves the aggressors; when the defence of their own property, or the seizure of that of others, was the employment of a principal part of their lives, the gymnastic art would undoubtedly occupy a prominent place in the education of youth. Accordingly we find, the elders of those primitive governments soon instituted periodical games; they gave prizes and honors to the conquerors, and excited in every possible way the emulation of the young men, till the Olympic games, originally the periodical race of four brethren, in process of time became the occupation of days, the data by which time was reckoned, and the cause of war between celebrated cities and even entire nations. Almost all the early writers notice the ancient games of the gymnasium, and among the first are those celebrated at the funeral of Patroclus, as recorded by Homer in the twenty-third book of the Iliad. Even then the art wanted but little of perfection, for we find that the Greeks had not only the simple footrace, and the manly wrestling-match, but also the chariot-race, the combats of the cestus, and of the sword, hurling the discus and the javelin, and exercising with the bow; nor did Ulysses or Tydides think it beneath them to join in the combat or the race. Not long after, these exercises were applied to the medical art. Accord

Hippocrates, was the first who introduced them into physic; and his successors, convinced of their usefulness, continued the practice. Hippocrates has given instances of it, where he treats of exercise in general, and of the particular effects of walking, with regard to health; also of the different sorts of races on foot or horseback; leaping, wrestling, the exercise of the suspended ball, chironomy, unctions, frictions, rolling in the sand, &c. But, as physicians did not adopt all the gymnastic exercises in their practice, they were divided between them and the masters of martial and athletic exercises, who kept schools, the number of which greatly increased in Greece; and gymnasia, places appr priated solely to these exercises, soon made theL appearance in the principal cities. Lacedæmon was the first place where they were built, anu three soon after were erected at Athens. Ac cording to Vitruvius, the gymnasia were a knot of buildings united, sufficiently capacious to hold many thousands of people at once; and having room for philosophers, and the professors of the sciences, to read their lectures; and wrestlers, dancers, and others, to exercise at the same time. They consisted of twelve parts, viz. 1. The exterior porticos, where the philosophers, rhetoricians, mathematicians, and physicians, read public lectures, and where they also disputed and rehearsed their performances. 2. The ephebium, where the youth assembled very early, to exercise in private without any spectators. 3. The coryceum, apodyterion, or gymnasterion, a kind of wardrobe, where they were stripped, either to bathe or exercise. 4. The elæothesium, alipterion, or unctuarium, appointed for the unctions, which either preceded or followed the use of the bath, wrestling, pancratia, &c. 5. The conisterium or conistra, in which they covered themselves with sand or dust, to dry up the oil or sweat. 6. The palæstra, properly so called, where they practised wrestling, the pugillate, pancratia, and other exercises. sphæristerium or tenniscourt, reserved for exercises wherein they used balls. 8. Large unpaved alleys, which comprehended the space between the porticos and the walls wherewith the edifice was surrounded. 9. The xysti or porticos for the wrestlers in winter or bad weather. 10. Other xysti or open alleys, for fine weather, some of which were quite open, and others planted with trees. 11. The baths, consisting of several different apartments. 12. The stadium, a large space of a semicircular form, covered with sand, and surrounded with seats for the spectators.

7. The

The principal gymnastic exercises of the ancients were five in number. They began with the foot-race (opoμoç), which was the most ancient and in the greatest esteem, as it enabled the warrior to make a sudden assault or a quick retreat; and Homer, therefore, constantly entitles his hero Achilles ródaç wrog, swift of foot.' David also, in his eulogy on Saul and Jonathan, exclaims, 'They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions.'. The victorious racer gave his name to the Olympiad. Sometimes they ran in armour, and were then called onλropóμoi.

-Apa, or the exercise of leaping, ranked second, and was generally performed with oval weights of lead, having holes in them through which the leapers put their fingers, and by these they poised and assisted forward their bodies. The proficiency of some of these was very great: Pausanias assures us, that Phaulus of Crotona leaped fifty-two feet.-The hurling of the discus (dokos), a quoit of stone, brass, or iron, was among the most ancient of these sports. It was thrown under the hand as the quoit is now in England, and the object was to hurl it further than another could do.

The wrestling of the ancients (waλn) required equal strength and agility. They never encountered till all their joints had been fomented and suppled with oil to prevent strains, and to elude the grasp of their antagonists. After having anointed their whole bodies, they rolled themselves in sand to prevent excessive perspiration, and were then considered ready to enter the lists. The victory was adjudged to him who had given his antagonist three falls. IIvyuaxía, or the exercise of boxing, was the last both in order and in estimation. As well as a certain fleshiness of arm, and stoutness, if not corpulence of body, to increase the force of their own blows and to lessen the injury of their antagonist's, a certain regimen was requisite, regular sleep, rest, and provisions,which but ill prepared the combatants for the privations of war. In this exercise also the victory was never decided till one of the parties fairly yielded, either by holding up a finger, or demanding quarter. This, however, seemed so contrary to the obstinate character of Grecian valor, that one of the parties was generally slain; and the laws of Sparta absolutely prohibited her citizens from ever engaging in it, as a Spartan was taught to disdain saving his life by yielding to his opponent, and the life of a Greek was not to be sacrificed to the amusement of an hour.'

At first they used never to box but with naked fists and arms, afterwards they covered the wrists and hands with leather thongs, and at length fought with their arms and fists perfectly cased in leather, loaded with plummets of lead. These tremendous gloves were called Cæstus, and the following description of those of Eryx, the brother of Acestes, king of Sicily, sufficiently proves the direful nature of the combat:

-He threw Two ponderous gauntlets down in open view, Gauntlets, which Eryx wont in fight to wield, And sheath his hands with in the listed field. With fear and wonder seized, the crowd beholds The gloves of death, with seven distinguished folds Of tough bull-hides: the space within is spread With iron, or with loads of heavy lead. Dryden. The Pancratium also (Gr. Tayкpaтiov) is worthy of notice. It was a contest in which both wrestling and boxing were united, and the combatants often threw themselves upon the

ground, and continued the fight by biting, scratching, pinching, kicking, or any other method of annoying their antagonists. This wa continued till one of them yielded; and it often happened that he who in wrestling would have conquered, was, in the Pancratium, compelled to give in. In the time of Homer all these exer cises were performed in drawers, which, indeed, were not laid aside before the thirty-second Olympiad. One Orseppus, a wrestler, is said to have been the first who introduced the practice of contending naked: for, having been worsted by his drawers entangling him, he threw them aside, and the rest afterwards imitated him.

From the Greeks the Romans derived these exercises, and improved them to the highest degree of magnificence. But the declension of the empire involved the ruin of the arts, and, among others, that of gymnastics. The attempts to revive and improve them, at the close of the last century, it is now our business to notice.

Germany was the first country that attempted the revival of these ancient and manly sports. At Schnepphenthal, near Gotha, Salzman first framed a course of gymnastics, which was improved and arranged by Gutsmuth, who published the first modern treatise on the subject in 1793. In Denmark the government, intent on a plan of public education, issued an order that a piece of ground should be allotted to every public school for the practice of these exercises; and, in 1804, no less than sixteen of these establishments were formed in that kingdom. In 1810 a gymnasium was erected at Berlin by the Prussian government, and placed under the direction of M. Jahn, by whose exertions several similar institutions have been formed in various parts of Prussia and Germany. In fact, no large academy is now considered perfect in those countries which does not include a course of gymnastics in its system. In 1817 appeared Gutsmuth's complete System of Gymnastic Exercises, to which, in the course of the article, we shall find it necessary to refer.

Early in the spring of 1826 a meeting was held in London at the Mechanics' Theatre, Southampton Buildings, Dr. Gilchrist in the chair, to consider of the practicability of establishing a London Gymnastic Society. Professor Voelker of Germany came forward and offered to give his instructions gratuitously, and another gentleman present advanced the money for the erection of the apparatus. A society was soon formed, and they purchased a piece of ground on the higher part of Spa Fields, near Pentonville. From its elevation it is dry, and capacious enough to accommodate about 300 gymnasts. These are arranged in classes according to their size and capacity; and the various poles, &c., are constructed of different sizes accordingly. At the ringing of a bell each class changes the exercise in which it has been previously engaged, and begins a new one, according to a plan prescribed by the director. The success of the undertaking has, we think, exceeded even the expectation of the most sanguine of the projectors. In about two months they numbered 700 pupils; and it was soon seen that similar places might be erected with advantage in various parts of the

The ancient and modern gymnastics must not be confounded. The present professors of the art entitle it 'a revival of the ancient exercises of the Greeks;' but he who should visit Pentonville with the hope of watching the striving of the dusty wrestler, the combat of the Pancratium, or the hurling of the discus, will indeed be disappointed. He will see but little in the leaping stand,' or the 'climbing scaffold,' of the London gymnasia to remind him of the Grecian academy or the Roman amphitheatre. The ancient gymnastics fitted men for the field, and for the fatigues of war-the moderns profess only to improve the constitution; to enable men to encounter without injury the close air of the counting house or the drawing room; to endure without trouble the fatigues of a city life. To strengthen all the muscles of the body being their object, the exercises are necessarily of different kinds. The principal ones are six in number; we commence with the most simple and natural.

wind.

RUNNING

As it is evidently necessary to the performance of several of the other exercises, the young gymnast must particularly endeavour to acquire a swift and easy method of running. The most common fault is the taking too short and swift steps, which soon fatigue, and the progress is not so great in proportion as when the steps are longer though less quickly perforined. It is also more difficult to breathe in time with such steps, and the runner consequently sooner loses his About 350 or 400 feet is the best length for a course; though for very young or weak pupils 250 may be found sufficient, and when a party first begin this exercise, they should start in the military double-quick time.' This will prevent strains, either from the violence of starting or the sudden exertion of the race, for which the body might be unprepared. Indeed sufficient attention has never been paid to swift running in time, and consequently a line can scarcely be at all kept by persons when running with only a moderate degree of swiftness.

LEAPING.

Leaping is the best bodily exercise for the lower members, and therefore occupies a very prominent place in all modern gymnastics. In order, however, to practise this with ease, initiatory exercises are often necessary. We frequently meet with persons of considerable muscular strength, who, from their habits of life, are so sluggish and unwieldy that they know not how to exert it. The ploughman, who with ordinary fatigue would guide the plough all day through the hardest furrows, would be unable probably to leap a ditch to save his life. These preliminary exercises are hopping, and striking the lower part of the back with the feet and the knees against the breast. In hopping care should be

VOL. X.

taken to make the steps short and quick, keeping the arms crossed and the head erect. After these exercises have in some degree brought the muscles of the thigh into play, and rendered the knee-joints sufficiently flexible, the pupil may begin leaping. Of leaps there are several different kinds, viz. the long leap with or without a run, the high leap with or without a run, the deep leap, or the same leaps with a pole, all of which are very differently performed.

1. The long leap without a run is an excellent exercise, particularly for the muscles of the feet, calves, and thighs. It is performed merely by the elastic power of the feet, assisted by a swinging of the hands. The long leaps are best performed over a ditch about a foot deep, and increasing in breadth from one end to the other thus::

taking care that the margin of one side, A, be composed of loose sand to the extent of about two feet and a half, in order that a slip in descending may not strain the feet of the leaper. The broadest end of the ditch need not exceed twenty feet, and the breadth should diminish gradually to about four and a half. Continued jumping from one end to another of a long piece of ground is also recommended as an excellent preparatory exercise.

2. The high leap without a run.—. -In order to practise the high leaps it is necessary to construct a leaping stand, which is generally made in the following manner:-Two upright posts, a and b in the diagram, are fixed in the ground at the distance of about twelve feet from each other, and having holes drilled in them at every inch for the insertion of the pegs c, c, over which a cord is kept extended by the two weights fastened to its extremities:

a

3 B