ably surrounded themselves with their Cyclopean walls, and marked out the site of the future city of Minerva. These marine settlers were quickly followed by others on land-a promiscuous troop that arrived at the threshold of Europe from the Taurus. But the Caucasus was the beaten path by which the main body advanced; and Prometheus is represented as being perched on the top of one of its highest peaks, and holding the east and west in either of his outstretched hands. The Danube was then, as in later times, their line of march; although, like the Goths, the greater number preferred the cheerful skies of Attica to the dreary wastes of the North. The gravest, the strongest, and the noblest of them all, were the Dorians, who debouched between Eta and Olympus, forced the isthmus of Corinth, and possessed themselves of the Peloponnesus. They drove the aborigines for shelter to the adjoining archipelago, while they strenuously closed the entrance against any further inroads on themselves.

But there was this difference between the Greeks and the Jews-viz., that the Hebrews shut themselves up within the enclosure of the Holy Land, from which they were carried off by the terrible Assyrians; and that the Greeks, after affiliating themselves with everything around them, shouted aloud, like Achilles going to battle, and aspired to the conquest of the earth. They loved the world, and the things of the world; the beautiful and the sublime were the fruits of their own genius; and they claimed glory for their own share, without a partner or a peer. Opposite as the fortunes of Shem and Japhet have been in their posterity, it is difficult to decide which of the two has produced the more lasting effects on the temporal destiny of mankind. For a time the drunken festivals of the Olympic games carried the day in a rhapsody of success, while Judah, with his hands tied behind his back, stalked as a slave in front of Nebuchadnezzar on his return to Babylon. Nevertheless, at this moment, Greece with its idols lies level with the dust; its language alone remains to attest the perfection of its intellect; and its philosophy has retired from the sight of all except a learned few. But the wisdom of captive Israel survives the wreck of time, and lives in the spirit of one who has imparted his ineffable name and title to the greater portion of the living world.

It is worthy of notice, how little Egypt either advanced or retarded the progress of affairs. With a mind cast in a particular mould of its own, it began and ended in itself. Sesostris, the Pharaohs, and the Ptolemies or Lagidæ, reflected a passing ray of light on its immutable grandeur, and the victories of Cambyses ruffled for a moment its phlegmatic calm. But nothing disturbed its mental and physical stillness. Originating in Ham,

or Ammon, it ceased with Cleopatra, and was silently merged into a valuable proconsulate of the Roman Empire.

The affinities of nations may be traced in their traditions and languages, but the most striking instances are those presented by their religions. Each people alters its god to suit itself. The lusty Dorians invoked Hercules for theirs, and the Doric alliance with Etolia was the marriage of Hercules with Dejanira. If Thrace civilized Lesbos, it was to the sound of Orpheus' lyre. The colonization of Cyrene was typified by Apollo's leading a damsel in a car drawn by swans to the barren coasts of Libya. The adventures of the gods increased with the increase of popular incidents; and the Ammon, Osiris, Phtha, and Isis of Egypt became the Jupiter, Bacchus, Vulcan, and Ceres of the Greeks. The celestial staff was a small one; but its titles were numerous, and its offices unlimited. The Ionians adopted Neptune, the god of the sea, and the vagabond Pelasgi left nothing behind them but sacred blocks of unhewn stone to mark their itinerary. The Persian fire-worship was rekindled in the adoration of Apollo, the ruler of the sun; the sombre credulities of Egypt were resumed in the revels of the Dionysia; and the sensual mysteries of Phenicia were fostered anew in the more elegant and still more dissolute rites of Aphrodite. The genius of Asia revived in Greece; oriental dogmas, embellished and refined, sprung up in the west, and flourished in fashions as various as the dialects, the customs, and the districts they formed or found. The variations of Paganism were the tests of its falsity; but the uncompliant worship of Jehovah by the Jews was the stubborn demonstration of the truth of the Mosaic dispensation.

The Greek populations were complete. Let us pass over to Tuscany, whither the tide of emigration next rolled. That country was even then inhabited by the Umbrians, a Celtic people, who had descended from the north by the way of the Alps; and some Caucasians also had already arrived at the top of the Adriatic, from Illyria, and proceeded along the valley of the Eridanus or Po. The Etruscans, chisel in hand, took the same route. Half Asiatic, they sculptured the forms of birds, trees, vases, and utensils, till then unknown in Europe, and sat themselves down between the Arno, the Apennines, and the Tiber. The Sabines, the Enotrians, and the Ochri, knew nothing of their own origin; the Dorians and Ionians never went further than the coasts; so that Italy preserved its purity of blood from the first. The East and the West met each other in the streets of Rome. The Pantheon contained the gods of every nation; and profane antiquity, which had entered within its precincts and closed its portals on itself, was transmuted into a petrifaction beneath its capacious dome.

On returning to the present state of the world, we behold three distinct races of men- the white, the tawny, and the black-as different from each other in the character of their minds as they are in the colour of their faces. Of these three, the black and the tawny are governed by the white; and of the white, the Saxons and Anglo-Normans reign supreme.

In their wild and primitive condition, the Negroes have always been an inferior order of mankind. When allowed to indulge their natural propensities, they are filthy and naked, painted or smeared with grease, dirty and lazy, treacherous and cruel. Some of them are cannibals, all of them heathens, and none of them trustworthy. The Papuans, tawny rather than black, are the highest in the moral scale among them, and yet the Papuans cannot but be classed with the savages. Nor is this lack of civilization owing to fortuitous circumstances, for it is their innate lot. They have always been savages in all ages; and the wild Negro of Africa and South America is the same now as he has always been. They hold no position whatever in universal history: the curse of Canaan has not yet been remitted—" the servant of servants thou shalt be unto thy brethren." The devoted nations of the promised land were descended from Canaan, and so were the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, who were so ruthlessly destroyed by the Greeks and Romans; and the Africans, who have been bought and sold like beasts, were also his posterity. The finger that wrote upon the wall at Belshazzar's feast points out the doom of Ham.

The blacks have, indeed, their redeeming qualities, in the possession of physical if not national virtues. Their sight, their senses of smell and hearing, their touch, their fleetness of foot, their dexterity in handling the bow and lance, their sagacity in hunting their prey, and their craftiness in catching it, are bodily endowments far more acute and perfect than are ever met with among the white or even the tawny races. They are gay and cheerful towards those who show them kindness,-gloomy and revengeful towards their real or supposed enemies; and their filial and parental instincts are both strong and exemplary. But, for all this, the negro, the NATIVE negro, is decidedly inferior to the European in body as well as in mind. The natives of Van Diemen's Land are absolutely unreclaimable; the Bosjesmans are dwarfish; the pigmies of Africa are as old as Homer. Pliny mentions their battles with the cranes for the sake of their eggs; and Strabo ironically says they built their cabins with the eggshells. At one time, 60,000 blacks were annually exported from the coast of Guinea, never more to return to their native land; and had they but had a spark of the spirit of the whites within their servile breasts, so vast a number might, in the

course of two centuries, have successfully revolted, and in their turn have overrun and disputed the whole of Europe, or at least a very large and valuable proportion of the European colonies.

But Time, which in most instances is but a sorry artist, "who makes whate'er he handles worse," has done much in ameliorating the forlorn fortunes of this despised and neglected portion of the human family. Christianity, also, that subtle principle that leavens the mass of human corruption, is slowly penetrating the mind and senses of the blacks. Instances are being quoted of their improved intelligence, manifest piety, and the increasing aptitude of their talents for the finer arts, such as music, painting, and poetry, as well as for the more exact sciences, such as arithmetic and mathematics. The social virtues of order, regularity, and cleanliness are reported of those who have been trained by the labours of the various missionaries to adopt the manners and customs of civilized life. And, although many of these instances are particularized as the special gifts of individuals rather than the privileges of the tribe to which they belong, yet, upon mature reflection, we are led to conclude that their moral and intellectual welfare have changed for the better, and that the prospect of their being still more greatly improved as they continue to be more intimately mixed with the white populations is as certain as it is encouraging. Their emancipation must to some extent have operated most favourably on their instincts and habits, in the common course of events; and their proximity to or affinity with those who were once their taskmasters or tyrants, must tend to transform the wild man of the woods, the prairies, or llanos, into a human being of some pretensions to propriety and decorum. But the process is a slow one. European vices retard the noble undertaking. Ardent spirits have destroyed their tens of thousands in soul and body; and so cruel has been, on many occasions, the conduct of the whites towards the blacks, that the Negro implicitly regards the white Christian as his bitterest enemy a murderer and a robber. These moral difficulties which are of our own creation, embarrass the hand of charity and mar the countenance of truth. The liberation and recovery of the negro-slave is one of the most interesting questions of the present day. We cannot suppose that so intelligent a people as those of the United States of America should persist in the use of slavery in opposition to the voice of the world against its practice, except from some very serious necessity, social or political, which they cannot overrule; and we await with confidence the happy moment when they shall feel themselves capable of obeying the dictates of humanity, and of proclaiming the freedom of those whom it would, if possible, have been much more prudent never to have enslaved.

The tawny races which cover more than half the globe, and are characterized by their broad shoulders, large heads, high cheek-bones, flat noses, long arms, and thin hair, constitute the Mongolian variety, that has figured so largely in the history of nations. Zenghis Khan, Tamerlane, Attila, and the Tartars, belong to this division. The conquest of China by the Moguls took place at the same time with their expeditions to the opposite quarter of the globe, which spread terror and desolation over Russia and Poland. The fierce Zenghis, the so-called lord of the nations, had been predicted, and was sent upon his dreaded mission of destruction, by the tutelar genius of his race. He traversed the world with his countless hosts. China, Thibet, Japan, the Mussulman empire of Carizmé, fell beneath his exterminating sword, which was stretched as far as the Caspian Sea. For several centuries Russia was incorporated with the government of Zipzak, Hungary was conquered, Silesia ravaged. Each of these countries still betrays its Mongolian cross-breed; but Russia, in her rapacious policy, exhibits the strongest tinge of her tawny blood. After these barbarous hordes had spared the rest of Europe, they returned upon Asia, and put an end to the Arabian Caliphate at Bagdad. The Saracens, imbued with a tawny taint, alarmed Europe from the South, and the Western powers have always watched, with the most vigilant jealousy, the restless temper of their tawny neighbours.

Their psychological character is that of unrelenting and indiscriminate bloodshed-unmitigated by any political changes or popular institutions beneficial to the human race, unmingled with any acts of generosity or kindness to the vanquished, and destitute of the slightest feelings of regard for the rights and liberties of mankind. Inflexible cruelty, selfishness, a disposition to cheat, and an absence of the tender affections, have everywhere marked their progress, and left an indelible blot upon their name in all ages. The Malays, and the greater number of the natives of the Indian Archipelago, are instances in point at this very hour. Barbarity, brutality, and even cannibalism, are their well-known qualities-the infernal instincts of their untamed nature. Their intelligence is greater than that of the blacks; but their morals are worse, and their disposition equally savage. The empires, indeed, of China and Japan prove them to be susceptible of a high degree of civilization, and even of pre-eminence in the useful and elegant arts of life; but their political and social institutions, already between 2000 and 3000 years old, remain stationary, and incapable of exercising any act of internal improvement and growth, or of external progress and aggrandizement of their own. Such as they were originated, so they remain history informs us that Japan and China are the