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THE

STANDARD AMERICAN

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, HISTORY,

BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY,

STATISTICS, AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

WITH

THOUSANDS OF ENGRAVINGS, COLORED MAPS AND CHARTS

PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL.D.

ASSISTED BY A LARGE CORPS OF EDITORS AND OVER ONE HUNDRED Writers
ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS

VOL. I

PUBLISHED BY

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PUBLISHING COMPANY

156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

1897

་།

HARVARD COLLEGE
JMar. 2, 1993

LIBRARY

Secta Upsilon

COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY H. W. KNIGHT.

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CONTRIBUTORS AND REVISERS.

(INCLUDING THE MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL STAFF.)

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DANIEL CURRY, D.D., LL.D.,

Editor and Author.

THEODORE LEDYARD CUYLER, D.D., LL.D.,
Late Pastor Lafayette Ave. Presb. Ch., Brooklyn.

LIEUT. WILLIAM H. DALL,

United States National Museum, Washington, D. C.

HON. N. H. DAWSON,

U. S. Commissioner of Education.

ROBERT R. DOHERTY, PH.D.,

New York.

AMOS EMERSON DOLBEAR, PH.D.,
Tufts College, Mass.

DANIEL DORCHESTER, D.D.,

U. S. Supt. of Indian Schools; author of Problem of Religious Progress, Christianity in the United States.

DANIEL DORCHESTER, JR.,

Professor of Political Economy in Boston University. SILAS HAMILTON DOUGLASS, PH.D.,

Professor of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Mich.

REV. A. W. DRURY, D.D.,

Professor in Union Biblical Seminary.
MAJOR CLARENCE E. DUTTON, U.S.A.,
U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.
CAPT. JAMES B. EADS, U.S.N.,
Civil and Military Engineer.
DANIEL CADY EATON, PH.D.,

Professor of Botany in Yale College.
THOMAS A. EDISON, PH.D., etc.,

Inventor of the Telephone, Phonograph, etc., etc.

C. L. EHRENFELD, LL.D.,

Professor in Wittenberg College, Springfield, O,
formerly State Librarian of Pennsylvania.
HON. ENOCH L. FANCHER, A.M., LL.D.,
Judge of the Court of Arbitration, N. Y.

REV. JOHN FARLEY,

Secretary to the Archbishop of N. Y.
WILLIAM P. F. FERGUSON, B.D.,

Mexican Traveler and Lecturer.

CHARLES H. FOWLER, D.D., LL.D.,

Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Art Critic New York Tribune, author of The House C. A. FREES, Esq.,
Beautiful, Editor of The Studio, etc.

H. G. CRICKMORE,

Secretary Monmouth Park Association.

New York.

W. W. GODDARD,

Editor Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, S. Dak.

EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS AND REVISERS.

COL. FREDERICK D. GRANT,

Police Commissioner, New York City.

SETH GREEN,

Late Supt. of the Fishery Commission, New York.

CHARLES W. GREENE, M.D.,

Writer on Geography, Ethnology, etc.

WILLIAM L. HARRIS, D.D., LL.D.,

HON. ROBERT P. PORTER,

Superintendent of the Eleventh Census.

BONAMY PRICE,

Late Professor of Political Economy, Oxford University; author of the Principles of Currency.

GEORGE G. REYNOLDS, LL.D.,

Late Chief Judge of the City Court of Brooklyn.

Author of Ecclesiastical Law and Rules of Evi- REV. J. W. RICHARD, D.D.,

dence, etc.

ERASTUS O. HAVEN, D.D., LL.D.,

Late Chancellor of Syracuse University.

ATTICUS G. HAYGOOD, LL.D.,

Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.

WILLIAM TOD HELMUTH, M.D.,

Homœopathist, New York.

COL. RICHARD J. HINTON,

Engineer to the U. S. Geological Survey.

GEORGE C. HURLBUT,

Librarian of the American Geographical Society.

JOHN F. HURST, D.D., LL.D.,

Author of History of Rationalism, etc.

JABEZ R. JAQUES, LL.D.,

President of Albert University, Canada.

M. H. JEWELI.,

Prof. of Homiletics in Theological Seminary, Gettys burg, Pa.

JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, A.M., LL.D.,

Author of Cyclopedia of Universal History, Ridpath's History of the United States, etc.

CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D.,

Chief Editor of the Annual of the Universal Medi
cal Sciences, Prof. of Clinical Laryngology in the
Jefferson Medical College, and Officer of the
Academy of France.

LIEUT. CHARLES A. SCHOTT,

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
LIEUT. FREDERICK SCHWATKA,

Editor Geographical News, Chicago.

FRANK TREAT SOUTHWICK, Esq.,
Meriden, Conn.

Editor The Bismarck Tribune, Bismarck, N. Dak. HON. W. A. J. SPARKS,

R. W. JONES, A.M.,

Professor in University of Mississippi.

JAMES FURMAN KEMP, A.B., E.M.,

Commissioner of the General Land Office.
CHARLES W. SPRAGUE, ESQ.,

Authority on "Artificial Languages."

Asst. Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Cornell EPHRAIM GEORGE Squier,
University.

PROF. CHARLES LINDEN,

Late of the High School, Buffalo.

CHARLES CHAILLE LONG,

United States Secretary of Legation, Seoul, Korea.

CHESTER S. LYMAN,

Late of the Sheffield Scientific School.

R. R. MCBURNEY, ESQ.,

Sec. Young Men's Christian Association, New York.

JAMES MCCARROLL,

Author and Littérateur.

GEORGE WALLACE MELVILLE,

Chief Engineer, U.S.N., Arctic Explorer.

WILLIAM J. MILNE, PH.D., LL.D.,

Author of The Inductive Mathematical Series, etc.

COL. ALFRED MORDECAI, U.S.A.

CHARLES MORRIS,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. THOMAS B. NEELY, D.D., LL.D.,

Author of Parliamentary Law, etc.

SAMUEL S. NELLES, D.D., LL.D.,

Late President of Victoria University, Canada. J. MACDONALD OXLEY, B.A., LL.B., Montreal.

ALPHEUS SPRING PACKARD, M.D.,

Prof. of Zoology and Geology in Brown University.

PROF. HENRY MARTYN PAUL,

Assistant Astronomer at the U. S. Naval Observa-
tory.

THOMAS SARGENT PERRY, LL.D.,

Late Instructor in English at Harvard College.

C. H. F. PETERS, PH.D.,

American Archæologist.

WILLIAM STODDART, LL.B.,

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JAMES CRAIG WATSON, LL.D.,

Late Professor in Michigan University.

JOSEPH D. WEEKS,

Expert and Special Agent U. S. Census.

A. M. WELLINGTON,

Editor Engineering News.

WILLIAM WELLS, PH.D., LL.D.,
Professor in Union College.

RICHARD WHEATLEY, LL.D.,
Author and Littérateur.

DANIEL D. WHEDON, D.D., LL.D.,

Author of Whedon's Commentaries, etc., etc.

HENRY S. WILLIAMS, PH.D.,

Professor in Geological Department, Cornell Uni versity.

ALEXANDER WINCHELL, LL.D.,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

C. SUMNER WITHERSTINE, M.S., M.D.,
Associate Editor of the Annual of the Universal
Medical Sciences, Philadelphia.

Professor and Director of Observatory, Hamilton PROF. C. M. WOODWARD,
College, N. Y.

GEORGE R. PHILLIPS,

Manual Training School, Washington University,
St. Louis, Mo.

For thirty years a Justice of the Peace in Jamaica, CARROLL D. WRIGHT, A.M.,

W. I.

Department of Labor, Washington, D. C.

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