THE STANDARD AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARTS, SCIENCES, HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, STATISTICS, AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE WITH THOUSANDS OF ENGRAVINGS, COLORED MAPS AND CHARTS PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL.D. ASSISTED BY A LARGE CORPS OF EDITORS AND OVER ONE HUNDRED WRITERS VOL. I PUBLISHED BY THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PUBLISHING COMPANY 156 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 1897 AMOS EMERSON DOLBEAR, PH.D., DANIEL DORCHESTER, D.D., U. S. Supt. of Indian Schools; author of Problem of Religious Progress, Christianity in the United States. DANIEL DORCHESTER, JR., Professor of Political Economy in Boston University. SILAS HAMILTON DOUGLASS, PH.D., Professor of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, Mich. REV. A. W. DRURY, D.D., Professor in Union Biblical Seminary. Professor of Botany in Yale College. Inventor of the Telephone, Phonograph, etc., etc. C. L. EHRENFELD, LL.D., Professor in Wittenberg College, Springfield, O REV. JOHN FARLEY, Secretary to the Archbishop of N. Y. Mexican Traveler and Lecturer. Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church. Art Critic New York Tribune, author of The House C. A. FREES, Esq., H. G. CRICKMORE, Secretary Monmouth Park Association. New York. W. W. GODDARD, Editor Argus-Leader, Sioux Falls, S. Dak. EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS AND REVISERS. COL. FREDERICK D. GRANT, Police Commissioner, New York City. SETH GREEN, Late Supt. of the Fishery Commission, New York. CHARLES W. GREENE, M.D., Writer on Geography, Ethnology, etc. WILLIAM L. HARRIS, D.D., LL.D., HON. ROBERT P. PORTER, Superintendent of the Eleventh Census. BONAMY PRICE, Late Professor of Political Economy, Oxford Uni versity; author of the Principles of Currency. GEORGE G. REYNOLDS, LL.D., Late Chief Judge of the City Court of Brooklyn. Author of Ecclesiastical Law and Rules of Evi- REV. J. W. RICHARD, D.D., dence, etc. ERASTUS O. HAVEN, D.D., LL.D., Late Chancellor of Syracuse University. ATTICUS G. HAYGOOD, LL.D., Bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. WILLIAM TOD HELMUTH, M.D., Homœopathist, New York. COL. RICHARD J. HINTON, Engineer to the U. S. Geological Survey. GEORGE C. HURLBUT, Librarian of the American Geographical Society. JOHN F. HURST, D.D., LL.D., Author of History of Rationalism, etc. JABEZ R. JAQUES, LL.D., President of Albert University, Canada. M. H. JEWELI., Prof. of Homiletics in Theological Seminary, Gettys burg, Pa. JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, A.M., LL.D., Author of Cyclopedia of Universal History, Ridpath's History of the United States, etc. CHARLES E. SAJOUS, M.D., Chief Editor of the Annual of the Universal Medi- LIEUT. CHARLES A. SCHOTT, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. LIEUT. FREDERICK SCHWATKA, Editor Geographical News, Chicago. FRANK TREAT SOUTHWICK, Esq., Editor The Bismarck Tribune, Bismarck, N. Dak. HON. W. A. J. SPARKS, R. W. JONES, A.M., Professor in University of Mississippi. JAMES FURMAN KEMP, A.B., E.M., Commissioner of the General Land Office. Asst. Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Cornell EPHRAIM GEORGE SQUIER, PROF. CHARLES LINDEN, Late of the High School, Buffalo. CHARLES CHAILLE LONG, United States Secretary of Legation, Seoul, Korea. CHESTER S. LYMAN, Late of the Sheffield Scientific School. R. R. MCBURNEY, ESQ., Sec. Young Men's Christian Association, New York. JAMES MCCARROLL, Author and Littérateur. GEORGE WALLACE MELVILLE, Chief Engineer, U.S.N., Arctic Explorer. WILLIAM J. MILNE, PH.D., LL.D., Author of The Inductive Mathematical Series, etc. COL. ALFRED MORDECAI, U.S.A. CHARLES MORRIS, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. SAMUEL S. NELLES, D.D., LL.D., Late President of Victoria University, Canada. J. MACDONALD OXLEY, B.A., LL.B., Montreal, ALPHEUS SPRING PACKARD, M.D., Prof. of Zoology and Geology in Brown University. PROF. HENRY MARTYN PAUL, American Archæologist. WILLIAM STODDART, LL.B., New York. THOMAS O. SUMMERS, D.D., LL.D., President United States Cremation Company. W. P. TROWBRIDGE, PH.D., LL.D., Professor in School of Mines, Columbia College. W. H. VENABLE, LL.D., Cincinnati, O. JAMES CRAIG WATSON, LL.D., Late Professor in Michigan University. JOSEPH D. WEEKS, Expert and Special Agent U. S. Census. A. M. WELLINGTON, Editor Engineering News. WILLIAM WELLS, PH.D., LL.D., RICHARD WHEATLEY, LL.D., Author and Littérateur. DANIEL D. WHEDON, D.D., LL.D., Author of Whedon's Commentaries, etc., etc. HENRY S. WILLIAMS, PH.D., Professor in Geological Department, Cornell Uni versity. Assistant Astronomer at the U. S. Naval Observa- ALEXANDER WINCHELL, LL.D., tory. THOMAS SARGENT PERRY, LL.D., Late Instructor in English at Harvard College. C. H. F. PETERS, PH.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. C. SUMNER WITHERSTINE, M.S., M.D., Associate Editor of the Annual of the Universal Professor and Director of Observatory, Hamilton PROF. C. M. WOODWARD, GEORGE R. PHILLIPS, Manual Training School, Washington University, For thirty years a Justice of the Peace in Jamaica, CARROLL D. WRIGHT, A.M., W. 1. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. |