THE STANDARD AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ARTS, SCIENCES, HISTORY, STATISTICS, AND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE WITH THOUSANDS OF ENGRAVINGS, COLORED MAPS AND CHARTS PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF JOHN CLARK RIDPATH, LL.D. ASSISTED BY A LARGE CORPS OF EDITORS AND OVER ONE HUNDRED WRITERS VOL. VII PUBLISHED BY THE STANDARD AMERICAN PUBLISHING COMPANY NEW YORK 1899 above, was b. 1773, d. 1857; he was U. S. senator from Ohio 1839-45. Tappan', (LEWIS,) brother of ARTHUR and BENJAMIN T., b. 1788, d. 1873; he suffered greatly in consequence of his antislavery sentiments; was prominent in the American Missionary Association and other charitable enterprises. is Tappan' Sea, or Tappan' Bay, 12 m. 1. and 4 w., merely an expansion of the Hudson River. See TARRYTOWN. Tap'ping, an operation usually performed on the abdomen, gives great relief when the abdomen becomes distended with fluid contained in the peritoneal sac, or in an ovarian cyst. A small incision is then made about 2 in. below the navel, through which the cutting surfaces of the trocharthe instrument used in this operation-are passed. The fluid escapes through this instrument. T. of the chest is occasionally required for the relief of empyema and other effusions in the cavity of the pleura. T. of the head has been occasionally found successful in hydrocephalus. Tap'ti, a river of the British presidency of Bombay, India, rises in the Saugur and Nerbuddah territories, flows W. through Scindhia's dominions and the districts of Candeish and Surat to its mouth in the Gulf of Cambay. It is 441 m. 1., but can hardly be said to be navigable. of T. occur, viz., eight true Ts., and two species of Bathriocephalus. The Taniada, or true Ts., may be distinguished from the other families of the order Cestoidea (cestoids or Ts. in the popular sense) by the possession of a small, distinct head, furnished with four simple oval or round suctorial disks, (suckers,) and commonly also with a more or less strongly pronounced rostellum (proboscis) placed at the summit in the median line. The common T., Taenia solium, derives its Linnæan title from the idea that it is always a solitary worm. Although this is commonly, it is not by any means always, the case. The full-grown T. (strobila) has been known from the earliest times, and is described by Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Pliny; but its organization and mode of development have only been properly understood during the last few yrs. The segments of which it is composed vary in size, and number from 800 to 1,000. From 10 to 35 ft. may be regarded as representing its ordinary length; its breadth at about the widest part being in. The head is very small and globular. How long a T. can naturally exist in an intestinal canal is not known; but there is doubtless a period at which the parasite spontaneously separates from the intestinal mucous membrane of its host-a period probably coinciding with the shedding and non-renewal of the circlet of hooks. When this separation occurs the whole Tar, a well-known substance, for which it is difficult to length of the worm is expelled, in the same manner as if the frame a definition, since it varies in composition, color, and parasite had been first killed by the administration of a ver- consistence, and is derived from all three kingdoms of nature. mifuge medicine. The common T. may cause disease, and In various parts of the world it occurs as a natural min even death, by its aggressions, either in the adult or in the eral product, and is known under the various names of larval stage of its existence. A mature T. in the intestinal bitumen, asphalt, petroleum, natural T. As an animal prod. canal may give rise to a series of anomalous symptoms, in- uct, a species of T. is obtained from the destructive distilcluding vertigo, noises in the ears, impairment of sight, itch-lation of bones employed in preparing bone-black. The dising of the nose and anus, salivation, dyspepsia, and loss of appetite, colic, pains over the epigastrium and in different parts of the abdomen, palpitation, syncope, the sensation of weight in the abdomen, pains and lassitude in the limbs, and emaciation. Many cases are on record in which hysterical fits, chorea, epilepsy, convulsions of various kinds, and even mania, have been induced by the irritation excited by this parasite, and have ceased at once on its removal. The other five Ts. infesting man may be passed over without notice, as being of very rare occurrence. Treatment of T-are gaseous and some liquid, and of the latter one portion is The drugs generally used are turpentine, kousso, kamala, pumpkin seeds, pomegranate root-bark, areca nut, and last, but not least, male-fern. Success depends not so much on the choice of the remedy as upon the mode of administering it, and of observing the results accurately. The patient should fast for a day, taking only milk or soup, and in the afternoon take a dose of castor oil or a dram of compound jalap powder. The next morning take the following mixture: Turpentine, 1 dram; ethereal extract of male-fern, 1 dram; mucilage of gum-arabic, 2 ounces. A half hour later take a dose of castor oil. Have a large vessel of warm water ready to receive the worm. Pelletierine sulphate, 6 grains; tannin, 7 grains; simple syrup, 2 drams; or, Pelletierine tannate, 7 grains; simple syrup, 4 drams, may be used in like manner. Again, pumpkin seeds with hard skin removed, 1 ounce; sugar, 6 drams; milk, 2 ounces, is also highly recommended, used in the same manner as described above. Tapioca. See MANIOC and CASSAVA. tillate separates into a heavier layer of black animal T.commonly known as bone-oil, or Dippel's Animal Oil-and a lighter layer of watery solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonia, commonly known as bone-liquor, and much employed in the preparation of various salts of ammonia. This animal T. is chiefly used for the lubrication of machinery. The vegetable kingdom is, however, the most important source of T. On submitting wood to destructive distillation in closed vessels, we obtain a large number of products, some of which soluble and the other insoluble in water. This insoluble portion constitutes wood-T., and is composed of a mixture of various Hiquids holding solid matters in solution or in suspension. Stockholm T. and American T. are chiefly prepared from the resinous wood of the pine, and especially of the root of the tree. The specific gravity of ordinary T. is about 1.040. Peat yields a T. very similar to wood-T. Coal yields even a larger number of products of distillation than are yielded by wood. Ta'ra, or Ta'ro, (Colocasia macrorhiza,) a plant of the natural order Araceae, of the same genus with the Cocco or Eddoes, and cultivated for its roots, which are a principal article of food in the South Sea Islands. The roots are 12 to 16 in. 1., and as much in girth. They are washed to take away their acridity, and cooked in the same way as bread-fruit, the rind being first Ta'pir, (Tapirus,) a genus of Ungulata, of the section scraped off. The leaves are used as Perissodactyla, or odd-toed Ungu- Tapir. Tappan', (ARTHUR,) a New York merchant widely known as a patron of religious and patriotic organizations, tract, Bible, and other societies; he endowed Lane Seminary at Cincinnati, a professorship at Auburn Theological Seminary, and built Tappan Hall at Oberlin; assisted in founding the Journal of Commerce and the Emancipator; and was first president of the Antislavery Society; b. in Mass. 1786, d. 1865. Tappan', (BENJAMIN,) statesman, and a brother of the spinach. Tara. Ta'ra Fern, (Pteris esculenta,) a species of brake, the root (rhizome) of which was one of the principal articles of food of the New Zealanders before the settlement of New Zealand by British colonists. This fern comes to perfection only in good soils, and there the plant is 10 ft. h. Plants three yrs. old furnish the best roots, 1 in. in circumference. Tar'antism, a leaping or dancing mania originating in, or supposed to originate in, an animal poison. The name is supposed to be derived from the ground-spider, tarantula, which conveyed the poison into the human body by its bite. The gesticulations, contortions, and cries somewhat resemble those observed in St. Vitus's Dance. Taʼranto, anc. Tarentum, a town of southern Italy, in the prov. of Lecce, situated on a rocky islet between the Mare Piccolo, (Little Sea,) on the E. side of the town, and the Mare Grande, (Great Sea,) or Gulf of Taranto, on the W. The Mare Piccolo is famous for its immense abundance of shell-fish, and a considerable portion of the population (27,546) derives their subsistence from the oyster and muscle fisheries. Ancient Tarentum was a far more famous and splendid city than its modern representative. |
